Table 2.

Association between homelessness and behavioral and clinical characteristics among persons with diagnosed HIV — Medical Monitoring Project, 2015–2016

Characteristic	Homeless		Not homeless		Prevalence Ratios (95% CI)	Wald F-test	P value
	No.a	Col % (95% CI)b	No.a	Col % (95% CI)b
Total (row %)	669	8.5 (7.6–9.3)	6996	91.5 (90.7–92.4)
Received shelter or housing services
Needed, but did not receive	209	31.6 (27.5–35.7)	681	10.1 (8.9–11.3)	3.13 (2.68–3.66)	179.3	<.001
Received	276	37.8 (32.7–42.8)	1044	14.1 (13.0–15.2)	2.68 (2.35–3.06)	155.6	<.001
Did not need and did not receive	179	30.6 (25.6–35.6)	5238	75.8 (74.6–77.0)	0.40 (0.34–0.48)	231.9	<.001
Cigarette smoking
Yes	372	55.0 (49.7–60.3)	2286	33.7 (32.3–35.1)	1.63 (1.48–1.80)	66.4	<.001
Any Drug Use
Yes	323	46.3 (42.2–50.4)	1987	28.4 (26.5–30.2)	1.63 (1.47–1.81)	73.1	<.001
Noninjection-drug use
Yes	313	45.1 (41.0–49.1)	1960	28.0 (26.2–29.9)	1.61 (1.44–1.79)	63.8	<.001
Injection-drug use
Yes	70	9.1 (5.9–12.4)	162	2.1 (1.5–2.7)	4.28 (2.96–6.18)	57.2	<.001
Binge drinking, past 2 weeks
Yes	102	13.9 (10.9–16.9)	1060	15.8 (14.3–17.3)	0.88 (0.70–1.11)	1.1	.293
Sex that increases the risk for HIV transmissionc
Yes	64	10.2 (7.1–13.2)	359	5.9 (5.0–6.8)	1.72 (1.26–2.36)	11.2	<.001
Exchange sexd
Yes	64	9.8 (7.1–12.4)	86	1.3 (0.9–1.7)	7.56 (5.11–11.19)	99.8	<.001
Experienced food insecurity
Yes	373	55.0 (49.7–60.3)	1263	18.3 (17.1–19.4)	3.01 (2.69–3.38)	219.7	<.001
Retained in caree
No	127	27.4 (23.1–31.8)	900	19.3 (17.3–21.2)	1.43 (1.18–1.71)	13.3	<.001
ART prescriptione
No	92	18.9 (14.1–23.6)	776	15.0 (13.1–16.9)	1.26 (0.98–1.61)	3.1	0.079
100% antiretroviral therapy dose adherence, previous 30 daysf
No	319	54.5 (49.6–59.4)	2624	39.9 (38.1–41.6)	1.37 (1.23–1.52)	26.5	<.001
Sustained viral suppressione
No	318	51.1 (46.0–56.2)	2130	34.5 (32.6–36.4)	1.48 (1.34–1.63)	47.1	<.001
ER visits
0	305	46.0 (41.1–50.9)	4501	64.6 (62.5–66.8)	0.71 (0.64–0.79)	55.3	<.001
1	134	20.2 (16.4–24.0)	1218	17.2 (16.1–18.2)	1.18 (0.97–1.42)	2.7	.104
2–4	171	25.1 (21.3–29.0)	1037	15.3 (14.1–16.6)	1.64 (1.40–1.92)	33.6	<.001
≥5	56	8.6 (5.8–11.5)	209	2.8 (2.3–3.4)	3.05 (2.09–4.44)	32.2	<.001
Hospitalizations
0	458	71.5 (67.2–75.7)	5862	84.6 (83.4–85.9)	0.84 (0.80–0.89)	60.0	<.001
1	86	13.1 (10.0–16.3)	664	9.3 (8.4–10.3)	1.41 (1.11–1.79)	7.5	.006
2–4	94	11.8 (8.8–14.8)	367	4.9 (4.1–5.7)	2.39 (1.79–3.20)	33.0	<.001
≥5	27	3.6 (2.2–5.0)	77	1.1 (0.8–1.4)	3.29 (1.96–5.52)	20.0	<.001
Depression, past 2 weeksg
Major or other depression	252	38.6 (33.6–43.7)	1374	20.8 (19.3–22.3)	1.85 (1.61–2.13)	60.6	<.001
Anxiety, past 2 weeksh
Any anxiety	272	41.3 (36.3–46.3)	1588	23.9 (22.5–25.3)	1.73 (1.53–1.96)	58.5	<.001

Notes: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; CI, confidence interval; all variables measured by self-report during the 12 months before the survey, except where otherwise noted.

^aNumbers are unweighted

^bPercentages and corresponding CIs are weighted percentages.

^cVaginal or anal sex with ≥1 HIV-negative or unknown status partner, while not virally suppressed, when a condom was not used, and the partner was not known to be on preexposure prophylaxis.

^dSex in exchange for food, shelter, transportation, money, or drugs.

^eAssessed by medical record abstraction.

^fAmong those taking antiretroviral therapy.

^gResponse to items on the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 were used to define “major depression” and “other depression,” according to criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders-IV (DSM-IV). “Major depression” was defined as having ≥5 symptoms of depression; “other depression” was defined as having 2–4 symptoms of depression.

^hResponses to the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 were used to define anxiety, according to criteria from the DSM-IV.