Table 2.

Bivariate Associations between Pain Catastrophizing with Substance Use, Concussions, Pain Characteristics, Depressive Symptoms, & HRQoL among NFL Retirees (N=90)

Variable	n (% of Total) or M (SD)	PCS Mean (SD)	p
Substance Use
Binge Alcohol
No	66 (73.33)	11.52 (13.74)	0.805
Yes	24 (26.67)	12.29 (11.23
Marijuana
No	76 (84.44)	10.70 (12.50)	0.137
Yes	14 (15.56)	17.29 (15.06)
Opioids
No	69 (76.67)	9.72 (11.50)	0.007
Yes	21 (23.33)	18.29 (15.82)
Concussions	30.41 (49.11)		0.828
Pain Locationa
Knee(s),
No	45 (50.00)	9.16 (11.40)	0.062
Yes	45 (50.00)	14.29 (14.19)
Back
No	48 (53.33)	11.38 (13.55)	0.789
Yes	42 (46.67)	12.12 (12.62)
Shoulder(s)
No	55 (61.11)	8.85 (12.67)	0.008
Yes	35 (38.89)	16.23 (12.53)
Neck
No	72 (80.00)	11.38 (13.36)	0.617
Yes	18 (20.00)	13.11 (12.04)
Hip(s)
No	81 (90.00)	10.81 (12.72)	0.047
Yes	9 (10.00)	19.89 (13.97)
Phalange(s)
No	82 (91.11)	11.82 (13.17)	0.827
Yes	8 (8.89)	10.75 (12.73)
Head/Headache
No	83 (92.22)	10.86 (12.09)	0.029
Yes	7 (7.78)	22.00 (19.91)
Pain Duration (Years)
0–9	17 (18.89)	5.65 (11.26)	0.318
10–19	29 (32.22)	12.45 (13.42)
20–29	13 (14.44)	14.46 (13.20)
30–39	18 (20.00)	13.17 (14.25)
40+	13 (14.44)	13.31 (12.09)
Pain Intensity	2.18 (2.40)		<0.001
Outcomes
Pain Interference	2.54 (2.51)		<0.001
Depressive Symptoms
None-Mild (<16)	63 (70.00)	7.38 (9.07)	<0.0001
Moderate-Severe (≥16)	27 (30.00)	21.85 (15.33)
HRQoL
Physical
<40	34 (37.78)	20.38 (15.17)	<0.0001
≥40	56 (62.22)	6.46 (7.96)
Mental
<40	18 (20.00)	23.17 (16.92)	<0.0001
≥40	72 (80.00)	8.86 (10.20)

Note.

^aParticipants could choose more than one option. Bold values indicate significance at p<0.05.