Table 2:
Linear Mixed-Effects Model Analyses of Total and Subcortical Brain Volumes
| Release 1.1 | Release 2.0.1 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICV | Subcortical | R Accumbens | R Putamen | ICV | Subcortical | R Accumbens | R Putamen | |
| ICV | - | 64.6*** | 27.05*** | 28.84*** | - | 76.36*** | 30.95*** | 33.03*** |
| Age | −2.45* | −0.82 | −4.74*** | −4.14*** | −5.66*** | −1.68 | −2.60** | −2.86** |
| Sex (female) | −29.14*** | −5.26*** | −0.99 | −6.96*** | −37.43*** | −3.28** | −0.42 | −7.12*** |
| Race - White | 3.88*** | 0.52 | 0.38 | −0.70 | 8.09*** | −0.96 | −0.89 | −2.62** |
| Race - Black | −2.49* | −0.86 | 0.89 | −2.41* | −4.67*** | −1.54 | −0.23 | −4.4*** |
| Ethnicity - Hispanic | −2.20* | 1.29 | 1.32 | 1.30 | −2.5* | 2.01* | −1.37 | 2.01* |
| Marital Status | 0.64 | −0.25 | −0.04 | 0.09 | −1.32 | 2.46* | 0.83 | 1.70 |
| Parental Education | 0.71 | 1.63 | −0.70 | 0.18 | 0.8 | 2.45* | −0.17 | 1.19 |
| Income | 4.03*** | 0.94 | 1.48 | 1.06 | 3.79*** | −0.39 | −0.06 | −0.34 |
| Pubertal Status | −0.16 | −0.91 | −1.29 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.52 | −1.59 | 0.14 |
| Cognition | 5.22*** | 4.15*** | 1.66 | 1.96 | 8.3*** | 3.85*** | −0.48 | 2.30* |
| Height | 12.58*** | 1.32 | 0.72 | 0.18 | 16.92*** | −0.78 | −1.97* | 0.29 |
| CBCL Internalizing T-score | 0.01 | 1.45 | −0.40 | 0.91 | 0.59 | −0.09 | −1.78 | −1.63 |
| CBCL Externalizing T-score | −1.33 | −1.89 | −0.27 | −0.75 | −2.86** | 0.09 | −0.90 | 2.06* |
| T1 mean/SD signal | 7.37*** | 5.65*** | 2.87** | 2.48* | 10.75*** | 5.61*** | 3.93*** | 3.13** |
| Maternal Depressive History | −0.22 | −2.92** | −3.8*** | −2.88** | 1.30 | 0.02 | 0.5 | −1.02 |
| Paternal Depressive History | 2.91** | 0.28 | 0.62 | 0.17 | −1.02 | −2.38* | −1.33 | −2.04* |
| Maternal d | −0.01 | −0.13 | −0. 16 | −0.14 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.04 |
| Paternal d | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.10 | −0.06 | −0.09 |
Note: Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine associations between maternal and paternal depressive history and brain volumes separately for each release (1.1: n=3,162; 2.0.1: n=4,287), controlling for intracranial volume (ICV), age, sex, race, ethnicity, parental marital status, parental education, income, pubertal, status, cognition, height, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores, and T1 signal to noise (individuals with missing covariates were excluded with list-wise deletion (1.1: n=626 of 3788; 2.0.1: n=721 of 5008). These models also included random effects for family nested within scanner serial number and included the American Community Survey weights. From each model, t-statistics are presented for each predictor along with Cohen’s d effect sizes for the effects of a maternal and paternal depressive history. Results summarize effects for global volumes values (ICV and total subcortical volume) and the right accumbens and putamen maternal depressive history effects (in bold) that passed false discovery rate (FDR) correction for multiple comparisons among the 14 subcortical regions tested in the discovery sample. See Table S3, available online, for summary of results from all subcortical regions.
p<.05
p<.01
p<.001