Fig. 2.

Plasma concentration–time profile in four typical children of 0.5, 2, 4, and 8 years of age with normal renal function (solid line) or with renal impairment (25% reduction in clearance [CL], dashed line) based on the pharmacokinetic model from Zhao et al. [20], which was adapted for children aged below 5 and 1 years to be in agreement with observations in children in other reports [19, 50, 51] (i.e., a reduction in CL to 75% and 50% on top of allometric scaling (that is already in the model) for children below 5 and 1 year of age, respectively (see ESM for details). Two dose regimens were simulated: a dose regimen according to the SWAB (Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy) guideline/Dutch Children’s Formulary [69] (total 55 mg/kg over 5 days) and b dose regimen according to Ursing et al. [19] (70 mg/kg over 5 days). Chloroquine concentrations are shown in μmol/L (left axis) and μg/L (right axis). To compare plasma concentrations with whole blood concentrations, multiply by a factor of 2.5–8 [1, 16, 17]