Table 2.
Demographic and clinical variables of participants at baseline screening.
| Variable | Control (n=43) | Intervention (n=59) | P value | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 44.88 (13.50) | 42.97 (12.17) | .46 | ||
| Gender, n (%) |
|
|
.07 | ||
|
|
Male | 12 (28) | 8 (14) |
|
|
|
|
Female | 31 (72) | 51 (86) |
|
|
| Education, n (%) |
|
|
.18 | ||
|
|
Obligatory/High school | 5 (12) | 3 (5) |
|
|
|
|
Matriculation/A-Level | 14 (32) | 19 (32) |
|
|
|
|
Higher vocational training | 9 (21) | 8 (14) |
|
|
|
|
University | 15 (35) | 29 (49) |
|
|
| Duration of pain, n (%) |
|
|
.69 | ||
|
|
2 to 6 months | 4 (9) | 3 (5) |
|
|
|
|
6 months to 1 year | 2 (5) | 4 (7) |
|
|
|
|
1 to 2 years | 7 (16) | 9 (15) |
|
|
|
|
2 to 5 years | 7 (16) | 11 (19) |
|
|
|
|
Over 5 years | 23 (54) | 32 (54) |
|
|
| Pain type, n (%)a |
|
|
|
||
|
|
Back pain | 19 (44) | 36 (61) | .09 | |
|
|
Headache | 17 (40) | 25 (42) | .77 | |
|
|
Extremities pain | 17 (40) | 20 (34) | .56 | |
|
|
Neuralgia | 14 (33) | 19 (32) | .97 | |
|
|
Joint pain | 6 (14) | 20 (34) | .02 | |
|
|
Pelvic pain | 3 (7) | 9 (15) | .20 | |
|
|
Whole-body pain | 4 (9) | 5 (9) | .89 | |
|
|
Chest pain | 3 (7) | 3 (5) | .69 | |
|
|
CRPSb | 5 (12) | 1 (2) | .04 | |
|
|
Facial pain | 1 (2) | 4 (7) | .30 | |
|
|
Unknown/other | 1 (2) | 2 (3) | .75 | |
| Cause of pain, n (%)a |
|
|
|
||
|
|
Overstraining | 12 (28) | 28 (48) | .05 | |
|
|
Stress | 9 (21) | 23 (39) | .05 | |
|
|
Accident | 13 (30) | 14 (24) | .46 | |
|
|
Illness/migraine | 9 (21) | 15 (25) | .60 | |
|
|
Degeneration | 5 (12) | 19 (32) | .02 | |
|
|
Surgery | 8 (19) | 13 (22) | .68 | |
|
|
Inflammation | 9 (21) | 6 (10) | .13 | |
|
|
Psychogenic | 6 (14) | 9 (15) | .86 | |
|
|
Unknown/other | 8 (19) | 6 (10) | .22 | |
|
|
Gynecological | 3 (7) | 3 (5) | .69 | |
|
|
Genetic | 0 (0) | 3 (5) | .13 | |
| Scale, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
||
|
|
Pain-related impairment (BPIc) | 4.21 (2.00) | 4.06 (1.91) | .71 | |
|
|
Pain intensity (DSFd) | 5.72 (1.71) | 5.52 (1.64) | .56 | |
|
|
General well-being (MFHWe) | 2.65 (1.12) | 2.61 (1.11) | .83 | |
| Intention to change behavior, n (%)f |
|
|
.99 | ||
|
|
No, and I do not plan to | 6 (14) | 7 (12) |
|
|
|
|
No, but I think about it | 8 (19) | 10 (17) |
|
|
|
|
No, but I have the intention to | 2 (5) | 6 (10) |
|
|
|
|
Yes, but it is hard | 18 (42) | 26 (44) |
|
|
|
|
Yes, and it is easy | 9 (21) | 10 (17) |
|
|
aNote that multiple selection was possible.
bCRPS: complex regional pain syndrome.
cBPI: Brief Pain Inventory.
dDSF: Deutscher Schmerzfragebogen (German Pain Survey).
eMFHW: Marbuger Fragebogen zum habituellen Wohlbefinden (Marburger Screening for Habitual Well-being).
fMeasured by the question: Have you recently used psychological techniques to treat your pain? This includes relaxation, mindfulness, distraction, scan thoughts, etc.