Table 4.

Results of the outcome intention-to-treat analysis using a linear mixed model.

Outcome		Estimate	SE	P value	95% CI
Pain-related impairment (BPIa)
	Intercept	4.69	N/Ab	N/A	N/A
	Timec	–0.37	0.35	.29	–1.07 to 0.33
	Groupd	–0.13	0.38	.73	–0.89 to 0.63
	Treatmente	0.18	0.44	.68	–0.70 to 1.07
	HAPAf	0.38	0.15	.01	0.08 to 0.68
	Duration of pain	–0.12	0.16	.45	–0.44 to 0.19
Pain intensity (DSFg)
	Intercept	5.50	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Time	–0.42	0.26	.10	–0.94 to 0.09
	Group	0.20	0.33	.55	–0.86 to 0.46
	Treatment	0.01	0.33	.97	–0.64 to 0.66
	HAPA	0.33	0.12	.01	0.08 to 0.57
	Duration of pain	0.06	0.13	.67	–0.21 to 0.32
General well-being (MFHWh)
	Intercept	2.56	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Time	0.01	0.17	.97	–0.34 to 0.35
	Group	–0.05	0.22	.82	–0.49 to 0.49
	Treatment	0.36	0.22	.11	–0.09 to 0.80
	HAPA	–0.14	0.08	.09	–0.31 to 0.02
	Duration of pain	0.02	0.09	.80	–0.15 to 0.20

^aBPI: Brief Pain Inventory.

^bNot applicable.

^cRate of improvement for both the intervention and control groups.

^dIntervention or control group.

^eRepresented by the group-by-time interaction.

^fHAPA: Health Action Process (intention to change behavior).

^gDSF: Deutscher Schmerzfragebogen (German Pain Survey).

^hMFHW: Marbuger Fragebogen zum habituellen Wohlbefinden (Marburger Screening for Habitual Well-being).