Table 3.
Summary estimates, heterogeneity, and publication bias for meta-analyses of overall studies and subgroups.
| Characteristics | Summary estimates | Heterogeneity | Publication bias | Trim and fill | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of studies | Pooled ES (95% CI) | 95% PI | p | I 2 (%) | p | Coef (95% CI) | Pooled ES (95% CI) | |
| Total | 23 | 1.11 (1.06–1.15) | 0.98-1.21 | <0.001 | 79.4 | 0.096 | -0.91 (-1.99–0.24) | 1.09 (0.94–1.27) |
| Design | ||||||||
| Cohort | 6 | 1.11 (1.06–1.16) | 0.93-1.27 | <0.001 | 88.5 | |||
| Case-control | 17 | 1.15 (1.03–1.17) | 0.81-1.20 | <0.001 | 74.8 | 0.088 | -1.02 (-2.22–0.17) | 1.07 (0.87–1.32) |
| Region | ||||||||
| America | 10 | 0.83 (0.72–0.94) | 0.48-1.1 | 0.354 | 9.6 | 0.626 | 0.49 (-1.73–2.71) | |
| Australia | 1 | 0.95 (0.50–1.81) | ||||||
| Asia | 5 | 1.23 (1.17–1.28) | 0.98-1.41 | <0.001 | 87.5 | |||
| Europe | 7 | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.68-1.22 | 0.055 | 51.3 | |||
| Exposure assessment | ||||||||
| Medical record | 12 | 1.15 (1.10–1.19) | 1.01-1.25 | <0.001 | 84.1 | 0.442 | -0.89 (-3.38–1.59) | |
| Self or surrogate-reported | 11 | 0.73 (0.59–0.87) | 0.28-1.08 | 0.777 | 0.0 | 0.155 | 1.11 (-0.51–2.72) | |
| Dementia definition | ||||||||
| Alzheimer's disease | 17 | 0.86 (0.76–0.95) | 0.58-1.07 | 0.703 | 0.0 | 0.260 | 0.72 (-0.60–2.04) | |
| Dementia | 6 | 1.18 (1.13–1.23) | 0.99-1.28 | <0.001 | 90.6 | |||
| Case ascertainment | ||||||||
| Standard criteriaa | 13 | 0.82 (0.72–0.92) | 0.73-1.07 | 0.478 | 0.0 | 0.147 | 1.09 (-0.45–2.63) | |
| Clinical diagnosis | 10 | 1.18 (1.13–1.23) | 1.08-1.39 | <0.001 | 81.2 | 0.493 | -0.75 (-3.17–1.67) | |
Abbreviations. Pooled ES: pooled estimates; PI: prediction interval; Coef: coefficient. aStandard criteria represent the diagnosis for Alzheimer's disease or dementia using object criteria or algorithm such as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), National Institutes of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (NINCDS-ADRDA), and Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy (AGECAT) algorithm.