Fig. 2.

(A–C) Steady flow profiles: mean velocity ($v_x\left(z\right)$) (A), volume fraction ($\varphi \left(z\right)$) (B), and shear rate ($\stackrel{.}{\gamma }\left(z\right)=d{v}_x/dz\left(z\right)$) and inertial number ($I\left(z\right)$) (C) at $\theta =29^{○}$ for $N_c/\left(mg\right)=100$, $k_n/\left(mg/d\right)=2\times 10^5$, and $Q=8.70$. The free surface velocity ($v^s/{\left(gd\right)}^{1/2}$) and the thickness of plug ($h_c/d$) are denoted in A. (D–F) Effects of different parameters: interparticle adhesion ($N_c$) keeping $k_n/\left(mg/d\right)=2\times 10^5$ and $Q=8.70$ fixed (D), particle stiffness ($k_n$) keeping $N_c/\left(mg\right)=200$ and $Q=8.70$ fixed (E), and quality factor ($Q$) keeping $N_c/\left(mg\right)=200$ and $k_n/\left(mg/d\right)=2\times 10^6$ fixed (F), on the velocity profile at $\theta =29^{○}$. The dashed line in D shows a Bagnold fit.