Mechanism of aci-miR-9b in the regulation of wing dimorphism and wing development in A. citricidus. (A) Trehalose content of AD-WL after aci-miR-9b inhibitor feeding under normal and N4-WD after dsAcABCG4 and aci-miR-9b mimic feeding. (B) The expression level of AcILP3 of AD-WL after aci-miR-9b inhibitor feeding and N4-WD after dsAcABCG4 and aci-miR-9b mimic feeding. (C) The proportion of A. citricidus adults with malformed wings under dsAcILP3 treatment. (D) Cofeeding bovine insulin rescued the wing defects caused by dsAcABCG4. A “+” indicates with the treatments, and a “−” indicates without the treatments. All of the mean (±SE) is based on four biological replicates. normal, wingless adult under normal N4-WD, fourth instar winged nymph. (E) Proposed model of miR-9b/ABCG4 in the regulation of wing dimorphism and wing development in aphids. Red color indicates increase and blue color indicates decrease. All of the mean (±SE) is based on four biological replicates. The significant differences among different treatments are indicated by lowercase letters above each bar (one-way ANOVA followed by the LSD test, P < 0.05) in A and B (data from normal and N4-WD were compared separately) and in D. The significant differences between treatment and control are indicated by asterisks (Student’s t test, **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001) in C.