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. 2020 Mar 30;117(15):8416–8423. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1914481117

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Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).

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Fig. 2. — Nonhuman great ape hip flexion angles during terrestrial vertical climbing and quadrupedalism, and BV/TV distribution in the femoral head. (A) Great ape hip posture in maximum flexion (∼55° to 60°) during climbing (39), as well as joint posture at toe-off (∼110°) during terrestrial knuckle walking (40). Brackets indicate regions of presumed high pressure during large flexion (red, anterior) and slight flexion (blue, posterior). (B) Superior view of BV/TV distribution in the femoral head of Pongo, Gorilla, and Pan. High BV/TV is indicated in red and low BV/TV in blue. Note the two distinctly high BV/TV concentrations in Gorilla and the expansive distribution in Pongo, with Pan exhibiting an intermediate pattern. (C) Distribution of highest BV/TV values within the femoral head of Pongo, Gorilla, and Pan. Internal concentrations are visualized for BV/TV above the 80th percentile. This threshold was chosen to visualize the regions where the highest BV/TV is found within each specimen. Note that the internal high BV/TV forms an inverted cone in Pongo, and two convergent pillars in Pan and Gorilla.