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. 2020 Mar 30;117(15):8416–8423. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1914481117

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Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).

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Fig. 3. — Human hip flexion angles during bipedal locomotion and BV/TV distribution in the femoral head of H. sapiens. (A) Modern human hip posture during bipedal walking at heel-strike (∼160°) and toe-off (∼175°), when ground reaction force is highest. Blue brackets indicate regions of inferred high pressure during bipedal walking. (B) Superior view of BV/TV distribution in the femoral head in fossil and recent H. sapiens is consistent with this loading prediction. High BV/TV is indicated in red and low BV/TV in blue. (C) Distribution of highest BV/TV values within the femoral head of H. sapiens. Internal concentrations are visualized for BV/TV above the 80th percentile. This threshold was chosen to visualize the regions where the highest BV/TV is found within each specimen. Note that the internal high BV/TV forms one pillar in Homo.