TMPRSS2 expression in human liver tissues. (A) Quantification of TMPRSS2 mRNA in livers of the HCV‐negative (None), HCV‐low (Low), and HCV‐high (High) groups. mRNA levels were quantified by qPCR using a standard curve from serial dilution of standard cDNA. The quantity of TMPRSS2 was normalized against that of 18S rRNA and is expressed in arbitrary units. HCV (−), nontumorous livers from 5 patients with hepatic metastases of colon cancer; HCV (+), nontumorous livers from 8 and 9 patients containing low and high viral loads, respectively, as shown in http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.27426/suppinfo. Two asterisks indicate a significant difference (P < 0.01) by Mann‐Whitney's U test. (B) IHC for TMPRSS2 protein in nontumorous liver with the low and high HCV loads. Brown, immunostain for TMPRSS2 with DAB; blue, counterstain for nuclei with hematoxylin; bar, 50 µm.