Figure 3.

Emission strength of different types of bacteria at the first flush in the high (HP, 400 kPa)‐ and low (LP, 200 kPa)‐pressure conditions and at the two tank heights (high tank=95 cm and low tank=46 cm above the toilet seat). The emission strengths of each bacterial type, as reflected by the number of bacteria (CFU/input×10⁻⁹) differed significantly in the two pressure conditions, as indicated by the asterisks (*P<.05, **P<.001; P‐value<.05 denotes statistical significance). The emission strength of S. epidermidis was statistically greater than that of E. coli (HP, P<.005; LP, P<.005) and P. alcaligenes (HP, P<.005; LP, P<.01) in both the HP and LP conditions, whereas no statistical difference in emission strength was found between E. coli and P. alcaligenes in either pressure condition