Table 1.

Characters and character states from the venom apparatus used in this study.

Character number	Morphological characters and states
1	Venom reservoir: (0) essentially unsculptured (e.g. Fig. 1J); (1) totally covered with spiral sculpture (e.g. Fig. 2A–I); (2) with
	spiral sculpture but unsculptured in the anterior part of the reservoir (e.g. Fig. 1H).
2	Venom reservoir: (0) undivided (e.g. Fig. 3A–H); (1) divided into two sections (e.g. Fig. 2D).
3	Posterior end of venom reservoir: (0) without a neck (e.g. Fig. 2A,C,F); (1) with a distinct, very narrow neck (e.g. Fig. 2B,E).
4	Venom reservoir: (0) less than 2× longer than wide (e.g. Fig. 1D); (1) 2–4× its width (e.g. Fig. 1A,B); (2) 4–6× its width (e.g.
	Fig. 1C,E); (3) more than 6× its width (e.g. 1, 2).
5	Primary venom duct: (0) narrow (e.g. Fig. 2B,I); (1) wide (e.g. 1, 2).
6	Primary venom duct: (0) without sculpture or with only poorly defined sculpture (e.g. 1, 2); (1) with spiral or
	annular sculpture (e.g. 1, 2); (2) with hexagonal‐like sculpture (e.g. 2, 4); (3) globular with reticulate
	sculpture (e.g. Fig. 6E); (4) with evident flask‐shaped protuberances (e.g. Fig. 1I); (5) with evident secretory ductules (e.g.
	Quicke et al. 1992c: 3, 4, 5).
7	Insertion of secondary venom duct: (0) anteriorly or medially on reservoir (e.g. 1, 2); (1) posteriorly on venom
	reservoir (e.g. Fig. 3A–H); (2) distinctly on primary venom duct (e.g. 1, 6).
8	Base of secondary venom duct: (0) without internal filaments (e.g. 1, 4); (1) with internal filaments (e.g. Fig. 4B–D).
9	Secondary venom duct insertion on to reservoir: (0) not recessed (e.g. Fig. 4A,E,F); (1) recessed, with well‐defined and
	numerous internal filaments (e.g. Fig. 4B–D).
10	Secondary venom duct: (0) soft (e.g. Fig. 4A–D); (1) hard, with a distinct flange (e.g. Fig. 4E,F).
11	Secondary venom duct: (0) simple or with no evident sculpture (e.g. Fig. 4E,F); (1) with spiral sculpture (e.g. Fig. 4B,C); (2) with hexagonal‐type sculpture (e.g. Fig. 4D); (3) with flask‐shaped protuberances; (4) with evident ductules (e.g. 2, 6).
12	Secondary and following venom ducts: (0) tubular and distinctly narrow, terminating abruptly in globular glandular sacks
	(e.g. Fig. 1F,G); (1) tubular and swollen, terminating abruptly in globular glandular sacks (e.g. Fig. 3E–H); (2) swollen, more
	or less gradually developing into gland filaments (e.g. Fig. 1I).
13	Secondary venom duct: (0) considerably long, at least 2× as long as the venom reservoir length (e.g. Fig. 3A,B,F); (1) moderately long, not more than 0.5× length of the venom reservoir (e.g. Fig. 1E–G); (2) distinctly short, not more than 2× as long as wide (e.g. 1, 3).
14	Secondary venom duct: (0) branched into tertiary and subsequent gland ducts, without insertion of venom glands (e.g.
	Fig. 1A–C); (1) with numerous venom gland sacks inserted along its length and bifurcating it into the tertiary ducts near to
	its end (e.g. Fig. 3A,B); (2) not branched, with two venom gland bunches, one at its middle and the other at its end (e.g. Fig. 3F).
15	Tertiary venom duct: (0) parallel‐sided (e.g. Fig. 3A–E); (1) medially expanded (e.g. 1, 6).