Table 1.
Immunogenic proteins reported using the viral epitope presentation system in plants
| Epitope presentation system | Expressed epitope | Plant used for infection | Species protected | Immunological properties | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPMV | VP2 capsid protein of canine parvovirus (CPV) | Vigna unguiculata | Mink | Parenteral injection protected mink against challenge with mink enteritis virus (MEV) | 16 |
| CPMV | Canine parvovirus VP2 | Vigna unguiculata | Dog | UV light‐inactivated form of the chimera protected dogs against challenge with canine parvovirus (CPV) | 17 |
| CPMV | Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane (OM) protein F | Vigna unguiculata | Mouse | Parenteral injection protected mice against challenge with P. aeruginosa | 18 |
| CPMV | Staphylococcus aureus D2 domain of fibronectin‐binding protein (FnBP) | Vigna unguiculata | Rat | Parenteral application protected rats against endocarditis | 19 |
| TMV | Glycoprotein ZP3 from the murine zona pellucida | Nicotiana tabacum | Mouse | Modified virions were capable of eliciting antibodies in parenterally immunized mice | 23 |
| TMV | Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) | Nicotiana tabacum | Mouse | Mice parenterally and intranasally immunized were protected against challenge with MHV | 25 |
| TMV | Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) | Nicotiana tabacum | Guinea pig | Oral immunization was less effective than the parenteral injection against FMDV challenge | 26 |
| TMV | Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane (OM) protein F | Nicotiana tabacum | Mouse | Parenterally immunized mice were protected against challenge with P. aeruginosa | 27 |
| TMV | Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane (OM) protein F | Nicotiana tabacum | Mouse | Mice immunized with a mixture of a TMV chimera and a chimeric influenza virus, parenterally and nasally administered, respectively, produced antibodies against the two different epitopes and were protected against challenge with P. aeruginosa | 28 |
| TMV/AlMV | Rabies virus HIV‐1 | Nicotiana benthamiana Spinacia oleracea | Mouse | Both epitopes produced virus‐neutralizing antibodies, being the rabies ones able to protect mice when supplied either intraperitoneally or orally | 29 , 30 |
| TMV | Hepatitis C linked to the C‐terminus of the cholera toxin B subunit | Nicotiana benthamiana | Mouse | Nasal administration of crude plant material elicited the production of antibodies against both epitopes | 31 |
| TBSV | gp120 of HIV‐1 | Nicotiana benthamiana | Mouse | Parenteral immunization only gave a relatively low synthetic peptide specific primary antibodies | 32 |
| PPV | VP2 capsid protein of canine parvovirus (CPV) | Nicotiana clevelandii | Mouse Rabbit | Parenteral immunization showed the presence of neutralizing antibodies against both CPV and PPV | 34 |
| PVX | gp41 of HIV‐1 | Nicotiana benthamiana | Mouse | Mice immunized intraperitoneally or nasally produced high levels of HIV‐1 IgG and IgA antibodies; immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human peripheral lymphocytes made human primary neutralizing antibodies | 37 |
| AlMV | Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G protein | P12 transgenic Nicotiana tabacum | Monkey | Parenteral injection of recombinant particles generated T‐ and B‐cell responses; in vitro human dendritic cells incubated with the chimera generated strong T‐cell response | 38 |
AlMV, alfalfa mosaic virus; CPMV, cowpea mosaic virus; PPV, plum pox virus; PVX, potato virus X; TBSV, tomato bushy stunt virus; TMV, tobacco mosaic virus.