Table 1.
Viruses recognized in Viverridae
| Virus | Viverrid Species affected | Clinical signs in viverrids | Country (source) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family Coronaviridae | ||||
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirusZ,M | Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) | Lethargy, reduced aggression, diarrhoea, conjunctivitis | China (market, farm, restaurant) | (Guan et al., 2003; Tu, 2004; Kan et al., 2005; Wu et al., 2005; Wang and Eaton, 2007) |
| Family Orthomyxoviridae | ||||
| Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1Z,M | Owston's civet (Chrotogale owstoni), Palm civet (species unknown) | Lethargy, neurological signs (circling, ataxia, dysphagia, blindness, deafness), loss of appetite, death | Vietnam, China (rescue centre, unknown) | (Roberton et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2013) |
| Family Rhabdoviridae | ||||
| Rabies virusZ,M | African civet (Civettictis civetta), Common genet (Genetta genetta), Small‐toothed palm civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata), Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), Golden palm civet (Paradoxurus zeylonensis) | Neurological signs, loss of appetite | Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa, Nigeria, Thailand, Indonesia, Sri Lanka (wild, zoo) | (Enurah et al., 1988a; Wilde et al., 1991; Tremlett et al., 1994; Nel et al., 2005; Susetya et al., 2008; Pfukenyi et al., 2009; Matsumoto et al., 2011) |
| Ikoma lyssavirus | African civet | Neurological signs | Tanzania (wild) | (Marston et al., 2012) |
| Family Paramyxoviridae | ||||
| Canine distemper virusM | Binturong (Arctictis binturong), Masked palm civet, Common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), Small Indian civet, Common genet | Depression, dyspnoea, coughing, oculonasal discharge, gastrointestinal signs, dehydration, neurological signs, foot pad hyperkeratosis | USA, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Spain, Thailand (wild, farm, zoo) | (Machida et al., 1992; Hur et al., 1999; Chandra et al., 2000; López‐Peña et al., 2001; Hirama et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2007; Takayama et al., 2009; Techangamsuwan et al., 2014) |
| Family Parvoviridae | ||||
| Feline panleukopenia virusM | Formosan gem‐faced civet (P. larvata taivana), Common palm civet | Lethargy, vomiting, diarrhoea | Taiwan, Hungary (farm, zoo) | (Ikeda et al., 1999; Demeter et al., 2009) |
| Canine parvovirusM | Common genet, Masked palm civet | Fever, diarrhoea, depression, anorexia, vomiting | Portugal, China (wild) | (Santos et al., 2009; Xiao‐Ying et al., 2011; Duarte et al., 2013) |
| Family Reoviridae | ||||
| Mammalian reovirus MPC/04 | Masked palm civet | Not discussed | China (unknown) | (Shao et al., 2008, 2010) |
| Family Picornaviridae | ||||
| Genet faecal theilovirus, Novel kobuvirus, genet faecal picobirnavirus | Common genet | Not discussed | Spain (wild) | (Bodewes et al., 2014) |
Z, zoonotic potential acknowledged; M, virus affects multiple hosts other than Viverridae.
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