Table 5.
Nematodes recognized in Viverridae
| Species | Viverrid Species affected | Country (source) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Family Toxocaridae | |||
| Toxocara genettae M , T. Sprenti M , T. Canis Z,M , T. Cati Z,M , T. Vincenti M , T. Paradoxura M | Common genet (Genetta genetta), Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), African civet (Civettictis civetta), Malayan civet (Viverra tangalunga) |
South Africa Thailand, Spain, Taiwan, Borneo (wild, zoo) |
(Schrank et al., 1788; Warren, 1972; Maung, 1975; Alvarez et al., 1990; Casanova et al., 2000; Colon and Patton, 2013; Su et al., 2013) |
| Family Ascarididae | |||
| Ascaris lumbricoides Z,M , Ascaris sp.Z,M | Large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha), Small Indian civet, Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) | Nigeria, India (wild, zoo) | (Xavier et al., 2000; Ajibade et al., 2010; Pradhan et al., 2011) |
| Family Ancylostomatidae | |||
| Ancylostoma martinezi Z,M , A. ceylanicum Z,M , Ancylostoma sp.Z,M, Uncinaria longespiculum Z,M | Common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), Common genet, Small Indian civet, Malayan civet | India, Spain, Taiwan, Borneo, USA (wild, captive) | (Baylis, 1933; Chowdhury and Schad, 1972; Casanova et al., 2000; Coumaranem and Mohan, 2008; Colon and Patton, 2013; Su et al., 2013) |
| Family Strongyloididae | |||
| Strongyloides sp.Z,M | Small Indian civet | Taiwan (wild) | (Su et al., 2013) |
| Superfamily Metastrongyloidae | |||
| Crenosoma sp.Z,M, Viverrostrongylus brauni M | Small‐toothed palm civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata), Large‐spotted civet (G. tigrina), Malayan civet | Malaysia (Borneo) (wild) | (Myers and Kuntz, 1969; Asakawa et al., 1986; Colon and Patton, 2013) |
| Family Syngamidae | |||
| Mammomonogamus sp.Z,M | Malayan civet | Malaysia (Borneo) (wild) | (Colon and Patton, 2013) |
| Family Trichuridae | |||
| Trichuris sp.M | Small Indian civet, Malayan civet | Taiwan, Malaysia (Borneo) (wild) | (Colon and Patton, 2013; Su et al., 2013) |
| Family Capillariidae | |||
| Capillaria sp.M | Small Indian civet, Malayan civet, Banded palm civet (Hemigalus derbyanus) | Taiwan, Malaysia (Borneo) (wild) | (Colon and Patton, 2013; Su et al., 2013) |
| Family Rictulariidae | |||
| Rictularia paradoxuri Z,M , Rictularia cahirensis Z,M , Rictularia mjobergi Z,M , Pterygodermatites affinis Z,M , P. leiperi Z,M | Common palm civet, Small Indian civet, Masked palm civet, Binturong (Arctictis binturong), Common genet | Philippines, India, China, Malaysia (Sarawak), Spain (wild, zoo) | (Baylis, 1928; Chen, 1937; Schmidt and Kuntz, 1967; Casanova et al., 2000; Kumar et al., 2005; Mahali et al., 2010) |
| Family Spiruridae | |||
| Spirura sp.M, Mastophorus muris M | Common genet | Spain (wild) | (Casanova et al., 2000) |
| Family Spirocercidae | |||
| Spirocerca sp.M, Cyathospirura seurati M | Small Indian civet, Common genet | Taiwan, Spain (wild) | (Casanova et al., 2000; Su et al., 2013) |
| Family Physalopteridae | |||
| Physaloptera sp.Z,M | Common genet | Spain (wild) | (Casanova et al., 2000) |
| Family Gnathostomatidae | |||
| Gnathostoma sp.Z,M (probably G. spinigerum) | Malayan civet | Malaysia (Borneo) (wild) | (Colon and Patton, 2013) |
| Family Onchocercidae | |||
| Brugia malayi Z,M , Brugia pahangi Z,M , Dirofilaria sp.Z,M | Common palm civet, Small‐toothed palm civet, Large Indian civet, Binturong | Malaysia, Indonesia (South Kalimantan) (wild) | Edeson and Wilson, 1964; Masbar et al., 1981) |
| Family Trichinellidae | |||
| Trichinella spiralis Z,M , Trichinella sp.Z,M | Masked palm civet, Common genet | China, Spain (wild) | (Casanova et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2012) |
Z, zoonotic potential acknowledged; M, nematode affects multiple hosts other than Viverridae.
Clinical signs were not discussed for any Nematode species recognized in Viverridae.
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