Table 9.
Summary of risk factors of food‐borne zoonotic hazards prevalence in pig herds
| Characteristic of pig herd | No. studies showing the risk factor of increase in presence of foodborne pathogens | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campylobacter spp. | Listeria monocytogenes | Salmonella enterica | Yersinia enterocolitica | ||
| Biosecurity measures | Lack of cleaning after batches removal and/or default of duration of the ‘empty and clean’ period | 1 | 1 | 5 | – |
| Lack of change rooms at the entrance to the facilities and/or lack of hand or clothes hygiene | – | 1 | 5 | – | |
| Contact with visitors or contaminated equipment | – | – | 2 | – | |
| Contact with domestic or wild animals (bird and rodents) | – | – | 4 | 1 | |
| Nature of floors (straw or partially slatted floor versus fully slatted floor) | – | – | 4 | 1 | |
| Feed and watering | Wet feed | – | 1 | – | – |
| Dry feed | – | – | 4 | – | |
| Pelleted feed | – | – | 3 | – | |
| High (basic) pH feed or water | – | – | 2 | – | |
| Contaminated feed or water | – | – | – | 1 | |
| Change of diet during the following | – | – | 1 | – | |
| Cleaning of pipelines used for wet feed and water | – | 1 | – | – | |
| Bowl drinkers | – | – | 1 | – | |
| Herd management | Infection of sows | – | – | 2 | – |
| High density of animals (<0.75 m2 per pig) | – | – | 1 | – | |
| Small herd size (<1000 pigs) | 1 | – | – | 1 | |
| Huge herd size (> 1000 pigs) | – | – | 3 | – | |
| Fattening herds (versus farrow‐to‐finish herds) | – | – | 2 | 1 | |
| Presence of other species breedings | – | – | 3 | 1 | |
| Batches mixing or contact between pens (continuous production or snout contacts) | 1 | – | 3 | 1 | |
| Health management | Preventive or curative antibiotic treatment during the fattening period | – | – | 5 | – |
| Preventive or curative anthelmintic treatment during the fattening period | 1 | – | – | – | |
| Intercurrent diseases (diarrhoea, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus, Lawsonia intarcallularis, Ascaris suum) | – | – | 7 | – | |
–, lack of data (i.e. risk factor for which no study was published).