Table 2.

Multi-level regression models, preschool versus informal care

	Public Pre-K	Head Start	Public Pre-K & Head Start	Private Pre-K
Foundational Skills and Behaviors in Kindergarten	Odds ratio (95% CI)
Composite K Readiness	3.46 (3.25-3.69) ***	2.39 (2.20-2.59) ***	4.13 (3.61-4.73) ***	2.31 (2.14-2.50) ***
Personal and Social Development	1.93 (1.81-2.05) ***	1.51 (1.39-1.64) ***	2.22 (1.95-2.53) ***	1.36 (1.26-1.47) ***
Language and Literacy	4.91 (4.58-5.26) ***	3.05 (2.79-3.33) ***	6.75 (5.91-7.70) ***	3.23 (2.97-3.51) ***
Mathematical Thinking	4.95 (4.63-5.29) ***	3.31 (3.04-3.61) ***	5.17 (4.51-5.92) ***	3.03 (2.79-3.29) ***
Scientific Thinking	2.89 (2.70-3.10) ***	1.46 (1.33-1.60) ***	3.93 (3.43-4.51) ***	1.85 (1.69-2.01) ***
Social Studies	3.07 (2.86-3.29)***	1.62 (1.47-1.77) ***	3.65 (3.18-4.18) ***	2.18 (2.00-2.37) ***
The Arts	2.66 (2.50-2.84) ***	2.02 (1.86-2.20) ***	2.43 (2.12-2.79) ***	2.05 (1.90-2.22) ***
Physical Development	2.25 (2.11-2.40) ***	1.82 (1.67-1.98) ***	3.59 (3.10-4.17) ***	2.47 (2.28-2.68) ***
Chronic absenteeism	0.54 (0.51-0.58) ***	0.62 (0.58-0.68) ***	0.65 (0.57-0.74) ***	0.62 (0.57-0.67) ***
3rd Grade Outcomes	Odds ratio (95 % CI)
Reading on grade level	2.11 (1.84-2.41) ***	3.05 (2.57-3.62) ***	2.99 (2.32-3.86) ***	2.02 (1.68-2.42) ***
Math on grade level	1.78 (1.55-2.06) ***	1.17 (0.98-1.40) ***	2.01 (1.56-2.59) ***	1.64 (1.35-1.99) ***
Off-time by endpoint	0.21 (0.20-0.25) ***	0.41(0.36-0.45) ***	0.08 (0.07-0.11) ***	0.27 (0.23-0.30) ***

^*P≤.05

^**P≤.01

^***P≤.001

CI Confidence Interval, K kindergarten

All models adjusted for individual (race and ethnicity, age, sex, limited English proficiency, and eligibility for free and reduced meals) and school level characteristics (% African American, % Hispanic, % eligible for free and reduced meals, and school wide average on standardized test scores in 3^rd grade).