Table 3.
Associations of Parental Solicitation Variables with Substance Use Outcomes
| Overall SU | Marijuana | Smoking Uptake | Drinking uptake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | (SE) | β | (SE) | β | (SE) | β | (SE) | ||
| Model Intercept | α0 | −9.88*** | (1.61) | −10.50*** | (2.01) | −1.83* | (0.79) | −6.25*** | (1.13) |
| Level | α1 | −0.39* | (0.15) | −0.32 | (0.18) | −0.24** | (0.08) | −0.24* | (0.11) |
| Slope | α2 | −5.09 | (2.63) | −7.15* | (3.50) | −3.40* | (1.37) | −1.71 | (1.94) |
| Lability | α3 | −0.12 | (0.25) | −0.71* | (0.35) | 0.28 | (0.18) | 0.19 | (0.25) |
| Covariates | |||||||||
| Age | α4 | 0.58*** | (0.10) | 0.57*** | (0.13) | 0.16** | (0.05) | 0.56*** | (0.07) |
| Cohort | α5 | ||||||||
| 2 | −0.07 | (0.19) | 0.13 | (0.22) | 0.08 | (0.14) | −0.15 | (0.21) | |
| 3 | 0.02 | (0.19) | 0.03 | (0.23) | −0.10 | (0.15) | −0.15 | (0.21) | |
| 4 | 0.11 | (0.23) | 0.05 | (0.28) | 0.15 | (0.18) | 0.02 | (0.26) | |
| 5 | −0.24 | (0.18) | −0.38 | (0.24) | −0.07 | (0.13) | −0.41* | (0.19) | |
| Sex | α6 | −0.24* | (0.09) | −0.26* | (0.11) | −0.16 | (0.09) | −0.44** | (0.13) |
| Race/Ethnicity | α7 | ||||||||
| 2 (Black, non-Hispanic) | 0.21 | (0.33) | 0.24 | (0.38) | −0.09 | (0.25) | 0.43 | (0.36) | |
| 3 (Hispanic) | −0.41 | (0.24) | −0.42 | (0.30) | −0.22 | (0.16) | −0.08 | (0.23) | |
| 4 (Other, non-Hispanic) | 0.14 | (0.23) | 0.33 | (0.27) | −0.06 | (0.15) | 0.12 | (0.22) | |
| Reduced/Free School Lunch | α8 | ||||||||
| 1 (reduced) | 0.13 | (0.21) | 0.27 | (0.24) | 0.24 | (0.19) | 0.05 | (0.26) | |
| 2 (free) | −0.07 | (0.17) | −0.13 | (0.20) | 0.12 | (0.13) | −0.21 | (0.19) | |
| Lability*Sex interaction | α9 | −0.13 | (0.25) | −0.64 | (0.35) | −0.46 | (0.26) | −0.66 | (0.37) |
Note. N = 489 boys; 534 girls. Unstandardized estimates presented, with standard errors in parentheses.
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001.
Cohort (reference = cohort 1), Sex (reference = female), Race/Ethnicity (reference = White, non-Hispanic), and Reduced/Free School Lunch (reference = neither) were entered as nominal variables. Joint tests for α5, α7, and α8 were not significant.