Table 4.
Associations of Parental Control Variables with Substance Use Outcomes
| Overall SU | Marijuana | Smoking Uptake | Drinking uptake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | (SE) | β | (SE) | β | (SE) | β | (SE) | ||
| Model Intercept | α0 | −9.06*** | (1.63) | −9.40*** | (2.00) | −0.95 | (0.76) | −5.08*** | (111) |
| Level | α1 | −0.79** | (0.25) | −0.66* | (0.29) | −0.58*** | (0.13) | −0.92*** | (0.19) |
| Slope | α2 | −5.27*** | (1.25) | −3.46* | (1.43) | −3.31*** | (0.64) | −2.48** | (0.89) |
| Lability | α3 | −0.72* | (0.29) | −0.25 | (0.32) | −0.52** | (0.18) | −0.26 | (0.24) |
| Covariates | |||||||||
| Age | α4 | 0.52*** | (0.10) | 0.49*** | (0.13) | 0.11* | (0.05) | 0.49*** | (0.07) |
| Cohort | α5 | ||||||||
| 2 | −0.18 | (0.19) | 0.02 | (0.22) | 0.02 | (0.14) | −0.19 | (0.20) | |
| 3 | 0.14 | (0.19) | 0.09 | (0.23) | −0.02 | (0.14) | −0.05 | (0.20) | |
| 4 | 0.15 | (0.24) | 0.07 | (0.28) | 0.16 | (0.17) | 0.05 | (0.25) | |
| 5 | −0.29 | (0.18) | −0.38 | (0.24) | −0.12 | (0.12) | −0.40* | (0.18) | |
| Sex | α6 | −0.30** | (0.09) | −0.33** | (0.12) | −0.19* | (0.09) | −0.52*** | (0.13) |
| Race/Ethnicity | α7 | ||||||||
| 2 (Black, non-Hispanic) | 0.15 | (0.34) | 0.18 | (0.37) | −0.15 | (0.24) | 0.28 | (0.35) | |
| 3 (Hispanic) | −0.37 | (0.25) | −0.39 | (0.31) | −0.21 | (0.15) | −0.12 | (0.22) | |
| 4 (Other, non-Hispanic) | 0.13 | (0.24) | 0.31 | (0.27) | −0.10 | (0.15) | 0.07 | (0.22) | |
| Reduced/Free School Lunch | α8 | ||||||||
| 1 (reduced) | 0.22 | (0.22) | 0.32 | (0.24) | 0.30 | (0.18) | 0.01 | (0.25) | |
| 2 (free) | −0.12 | (0.17) | −0.17 | (0.20) | 0.09 | (0.13) | −0.30 | (0.18) | |
| Lability*Sex interaction | α9 | −0.20 | (0.22) | 0.18 | (0.26) | 0.15 | (0.21) | −0.43 | (0.30) |
Note. N = 489 boys; 534 girls. Unstandardized estimates presented, with standard errors in parentheses.
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001.
Cohort (reference = cohort 1), Sex (reference = female), Race/Ethnicity (reference = White, non-Hispanic), and Reduced/Free School Lunch (reference = neither) were entered as nominal variables. Joint tests for α5, α7, and α8 were not significant.