Table 4.
Neurobehavioral Findings Among Children with FASD and Randomly-Selected Controls from a Midwestern City: 2010–2014
| Children with FASD (n=37) |
Randomly-Selected Control Children (n=331) |
t-test | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Intellectual Domain | (n=37) | (n=331) | ||
| General Abilities Percentile | 44.9 (25.7) | 59.3 (23.7) | −3.494 | .001** |
| Verbal Cluster Percentile | 40.4 (25.6) | 60.1 (25.0) | −4.486 | <.001** |
| Nonverbal Reasoning Cluster Percentile | 42.3 (25.5) | 50.3 (24.5) | −1.878 | .061 |
| Spatial Cluster Percentile | 54.9 (25.5) | 63.2 (22.3) | −2.113 | .035* |
| Executive Function | (n=37) | (n=330) | ||
| INN (Naming) combined scaled score | 7.9 (3.5) | 10.1 (3.5) | −3.680 | <.001** |
| INN vs. INI Contrast Scaled Score | 8.6 (3.4) | 9.5 (3.3) | −1.599 | .111 |
| INI (Inhibition) combined scaled score | 7.8 (3.1) | 9.6 (3.4) | −3.059 | .002** |
| INS (Switching) combined scaled score | 7.9 (2.6) | 10.0 (3.1) | −3.665 | <.001** |
| Speeded Naming Combined scaled score | 7.8 (2.1) | 9.3 (2.7) | −3.312 | .001** |
| Learning1 | (n=8) | (n=221) | ||
| BBCS School Readiness Composite Scaled Score | 11.5 (2.4) | 12.4 (2.1) | −1.235 | .218 |
| BBCS Readiness Composite Standard Score | 107.0 (13.3) | 112.3 (10.4) | −1.405 | .161 |
| Visual Spatial | (n=37) | (n=331) | ||
| VMI Standard Score | 93.9 (8.6) | 97.2 (7.4) | −2.542 | .011** |
| Visuomotor Precision Combined scaled score | 9.1 (2.9) | 9.8 (2.9) | −1.527 | .128 |
| Mood Regulation2 | ||||
| CBCL Anxious/depressed t-score | 56.3 (7.6) | 53.1 (4.8) | 2.400 | .022* |
| TRF Anxious/depressed t-score | 55.1 (6.7) | 51.9 (3.6) | 3.087 | .004** |
| CBCL Withdrawn/depressed t-score | 56.9 (7.5) | 53.1 (5.0) | 2.803 | .008* |
| TRF Withdrawn/depressed t-score | 56.2 (7.8) | 52.2 (4.2) | 3.318 | .002** |
| CBCL Internalizing Problems t-score | 54.3 (10.6) | 48.1 (8.9) | 3.156 | .003** |
| TRF Internalizing Problems t-score | 52.1 (10.8) | 45.0 (7.9) | 4.175 | <.001** |
| CBCL Externalizing Problems t-score | 53.5 (10.6) | 49.4 (9.5) | 2.298 | .022* |
| TRF Externalizing Problems t-score | 53.5 (9.6) | 48.5 (7.8) | 3.935 | <.001** |
| CBCL Affective problems t-score | 56.7 (7.1) | 53.2 (5.1) | 2.646 | .012* |
| TRF Affective problems t-score | 55.6 (6.6) | 52.0 (3.9) | 3.496 | .001** |
| CBCL Anxiety problems t-score | 57.3 (7.6) | 53.4 (5.4) | 2.769 | .009* |
| TRF Anxiety problems t-score | 56.5 (7.2) | 51.9 (4.0) | 4.051 | <.001** |
| Attention2 | ||||
| CBCL Attention problems t-score | 59.9 (10.4) | 54.4 (6.4) | 2.945 | .006** |
| TRF Attention problems t-score | 57.6 (9.2) | 53.0 (4.8) | 3.189 | .003** |
| CBCL Attention deficit/hyperactivity problems t-score | 58.2 (8.5) | 54.0 (6.2) | 2.756 | .009** |
| TRF Attention deficit/hyperactivity problems t-score | 58.0 (9.9) | 53.6 (5.3) | 2.848 | .007** |
| Impulse Control2 | ||||
| CBCL Rule-breaking behavior t-score | 54.6 (5.7) | 53.6 (4.9) | 1.109 | .268 |
| TRF Rule-breaking behavior t-score | 56.0 (7.0) | 52.7 (4.8) | 2.948 | .005** |
| CBCL Aggressive behavior t-score | 57.0 (7.4) | 53.9 (6.0) | 2.292 | .028* |
| TRF Aggressive behavior t-score | 55.5 (7.0) | 52.6 (4.7) | 2.627 | .012* |
| CBCL Oppositional defiant problems t-score | 56.9 (7.0) | 54.9 (6.0) | 1.580 | .123 |
| TRF Oppositional defiant problems t-score | 54.2 (6.3) | 52.5 (5.0) | 1.695 | .097 |
| CBCL Conduct problems t-score | 56.9 (7.1) | 53.8 (5.7) | 2.802 | .005** |
| TRF Conduct problems t-score | 56.3 (7.9) | 52.5 (4.8) | 3.125 | .003** |
| Adaptive Function3 | ||||
| Vineland (Parent) VABS Communication Standard Score | 98.0 (14.1) | 106.2 (12.7) | −3.430 | .001** |
| Vineland (Teacher) VABS Communication Standard Score | 94.3 (16.2) | 98.1 (13.0) | −1.634 | .103 |
| Vineland (Parent) VABS Daily Living Skills Standard Score | 99.6 (16.0) | 103.5 (11.5) | −1.364 | .181 |
| Vineland (Teacher) VABS Daily Living Skills Standard Score | 96.6 (14.4) | 99.3 (13.2) | −1.157 | .248 |
| Vineland (Parent) VABS Socialization Standard Score | 100.1 (17.0) | 104.8 (13.4) | −1.810 | .071 |
| Vineland (Teacher) VABS Socialization Standard Score | 96.1 (15.4) | 103.8 (15.0) | −2.836 | .004** |
1.
Children less than 7 at time evaluation did not complete a BRACKEN.
2.
For CBCL: n=32 for FASD; n=298 for Controls. For TRF: n=42 for FASD; n=444 for Controls.
3.
For Vineland (Parent): n=32 for FASD; n=292 for Controls.
For Vineland (Teacher): n=35 for FASD; n=437 for Controls.
*
Significant at <0.05
**
Significant at the Bonferroni-adjusted level of significance: Intellectual: 0.0125; Executive Function: 0.01; Learning: 0.025; Visual Spatial: 0.025; Mood Regulation: 0.004; Attention: 0.0125; Impulse Control: 0.006; Adaptive Function: 0.008