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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2020 Apr 15;44(4):919–938. doi: 10.1111/acer.14314

Table 5.

Proximal Maternal Risk Factors for FASD: Alcohol and Drug Use in Midwestern City

Children with FASD
(n=31)		 Randomly-Selected Control Children
(n=305)		 χ2
or
t-test		 p-value
Mean  (SD) Mean  (SD)
Alcohol Use – Before and During Pregnancy
Drank before pregnancy (% Yes) 96.3 60.1 13.918 <.001**
# of drinks consumed on usual drinking day before pregnancy1 4.4 (3.0) 2.5 (2.3) 3.481 .001**
Mdn = 3.5 Mdn = 2.0 -- --
Usual frequency – before pregnancy1
 Everyday or almost everyday 14.8 2.8
 3–4 times per week 11.1 4.5
 1–2 times per week 40.7 24.3
 2–3 times per month 11.1 23.2
 1 time per month or less 22.2 45.2 16.426 .002**
Days drank more than usual – before pregnancy (% Yes)1 51.9 17.1 18.782 <.001**
Drank in 1st trimester (% Yes) 41.9 5.3 47.845 <.001**
# of drinks on usual drinking day1 −1st 3.2 (3.4) 4.1 (4.6) −0.478 .638
Usual frequency1 – 1st
 Everyday or almost everyday 25.0 28.6
 3–4 times per week 0.0 14.3
 1–2 times per week 25.0 0.0
 2–3 times per month 0.0 0.0
 1 time per month or less 50.0 57.1 4.714 .194
Drank in 2nd trimester (% Yes) 20.0 3.3 16.643 <.001**
# of drinks on usual drinking day1 - 2nd 1.0 (0.0)B 2.7 (3.9) −0.747 .472
Usual frequency1 – 2nd
 Everyday or almost everyday 0.0 14.3
 3–4 times per week 0.0 14.3
 1–2 times per week 0.0 0.0
 2–3 times per month 33.3 0.0
 1 time per month or less 66.7 71.4 3.197 .362
Drank in 3rd trimester (% Yes) 20.0 2.6 20.426 .001A,**
# of drinks on usual drinking day1 - 3rd 1.0 (0.0)B 1.9 (1.9) −0.759 .464
Usual frequency1 – 3rd
 Everyday or almost everyday 0.0 16.7
 3–4 times per week 0.0 0.0
 1–2 times per week 0.0 0.0
 2–3 times per month 0.0 0.0
 1 time per month or less 100.0 83.3 .381 .537
Alcohol Use - Current
Drink in past 30 days (% Yes) 73.1 65.7 .589 .443
Binge 5+ in past month (% Yes) 4.2 2.5 .243 .485A
Why usually drink: because others drink 12.5 19.3 .674 .588A
Why usually drink: to feel less anxious 12.5 8.4 .478 .450A
Why usually drink: to forget worries (% Yes) 20.8 7.0 5.759 .033A,*
Reported current drinking problem at interview (% Yes) 12.5 2.3 9.419 .014A,**
Recovering drinker (% Yes) 9.7 4.7 1.461 .204A
Drug Use
Used tobacco – during pregnancy (% Yes) 25.0 8.9 8.008 .011A,**
Used any drugs in pregnancy (% Yes) 15.6 4.3 7.190 .021A,*
Abused prescription – during pregnancy 0.0 1.4 5.030 1.00A
Used marijuana – during pregnancy (% Yes) 6.3 3.9 .513 .362A
Used marijuana & alcohol – during pregnancy (% Yes) 6.5 1.4 4.053 .103A
Used cocaine - during pregnancy (% Yes) 3.2 0.7 14.810 .002A,**
Used methamphetamine – pregnancy (% Yes) 2.7 1.1 2.032 .160A
Used tobacco
 Yes, within last 30 days 37.5 24.3
 Yes, in lifetime 18.8 33.6
 Never 43.8 42.1 6.790 .034
Used any drug in lifetime (% Yes) 40.6 27.2 2.580 .147A
Used marijuana – in lifetime (% Yes) 29.0 24.4 .320 .662A
Used methamphetamine – in lifetime (% Yes) 13.3 5.9 2.418 .124A
Used heroin – in lifetime (% Yes) 0.0 0.3 .100 1.00A
Used club drugs – in lifetime (% Yes) 0.0 2.3 .190 1.00A
Used crack/cocaine – in lifetime (% Yes) 16.1 4.3 7.730 .018A,**
Abused pain killers – in lifetime (% Yes) 12.5 2.3 3.050 .199A
1.

Among women who drank in that specific time period.

2.

A collateral interview confirmed alcohol consumption but with unknown quantity and/or frequency.

A.

Fisher exact test

B.

All respondents (n=3) reported the same value; therefore, there is not standard deviation

*

Significant at 0.05

**

Significant at the Bonferroni-adjusted level: Alcohol use before and during pregnancy = 0.003; current alcohol use = 0.007; drug use = 0.003.