Table 6.
Distal Maternal Risk Factors for FASD: Physical, Health, Childbearing, Prenatal Care, Postnatal Variables, and Demographic Variables from a Midwestern City.
| Children with FASD (n=31) | Randomly-Selected Control Children (n=304) | χ2 or t-test | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |||
| Physical | ||||||
| Height at interview (cm) | 165.9 | (8.6) | 166.2 | (6.6) | −0.220 | .860 |
| Weight at interview (kg) | 67.1 | (18.8) | 78.4 | (20.7) | −2.921 | .004** |
| Body Mass Index | 24.5 | (6.0) | 28.2 | (7.2) | −2.705 | .007** |
| Head circumference | 54.0 | (1.9) | 55.1 | (1.4) | −2.567 | .001** |
| Weight before pregnancy (in kg) | 60.7 | (14.2) | 69.1 | (16.7) | −2.480 | .014* |
| Stomach ulcers – in lifetime (% Yes) | 12.5 | 7.5 | .996 | .306A | ||
| Liver problems / hepatitis – in lifetime | 6.3 | 1.6 | 3.027 | .136A | ||
| Depression – in lifetime (% Yes) | 53.3 | 35.2 | 3.860 | .049* | ||
| Childbearing | ||||||
| Gravidity | 3.0 | (1.7) | 3.3 | (1.6) | −0.931 | .352 |
| Parity | 2.6 | (1.4) | 2.7 | (1.1) | −0.523 | .601 |
| Miscarriages | 0.5 | (0.8) | 0.5 | (1.0) | −0.167 | .868 |
| Abortions | 0.1 | (0.3) | 0.0 | (0.2) | 0.662 | .508 |
| Stillbirths | 0.0 | (0.0) | 0.0 | (0.2) | −0.669 | .504 |
| Birth order of index child | 1.7 | (0.8) | 1.9 | (1.1) | −1.299 | .195 |
| Pregnancy recognition (in weeks) | 8.5 | (8.3) | 5.2 | (2.5) | 4.949 | <.001** |
| Prenatal Care | ||||||
| Once knew pregnant, take vitamins (% Yes) | 83.3 | 94.0 | 4.819 | .045A,* | ||
| # of times seen by healthcare provider | ||||||
| Never | 6.5 | 0.0 | ||||
| 1–5 times | 6.5 | 1.7 | ||||
| More than 5 times | 87.1 | 98.3 | 12.654 | .001** | ||
| When first seen by healthcare provider | ||||||
| 1st trimester | 78.1 | 95.7 | ||||
| 2nd trimester | 12.5 | 3.3 | ||||
| 3rd trimester | 6.3 | 0.7 | ||||
| Delivery only | 3.1 | 0.3 | 14.610 | .002** | ||
| Premature labor (% Yes)2 | 33.3 | 12.5 | 5.810 | .028A,* | ||
| Other health problems during pregnancy | 41.9 | 22.3 | 5.933 | .018* | ||
| Accidents/injury – during pregnancy (% Yes) | 6.3 | 7.6 | 0.073 | 1.00A | ||
| Postpartum depression (% Yes) | 20.0 | 15.9 | .338 | .603 | ||
| Postnatal Variables | ||||||
| Child’s Weight (grams) at birth | 2941 | (612) | 3287 | (619) | −3.008 | .003** |
| Child’s Estimated gestation age at birth (in weeks) | 37.9 | (2.1) | 38.5 | (2.5) | −1.365 | .173 |
| Breastfed (% Yes)1 | 62.5 | 77.2 | .933 | .393 | ||
| Consumed alcohol in breastfeeding period1,3 | 60.0 | 21.5 | 4.114 | .077A | ||
| Pump and dump5 (%Yes) among mothers who breastfed | 60.0 | 16.6 | 6.182 | .041A,* | ||
| Child lives with biological mother (% Yes) | 80.6 | 95.7 | 11.896 | .004A,** | ||
| Child lives with: | ||||||
| Foster/Adopted/Relative | 9.7 | 3.3 | ||||
| Biological mother | 22.6 | 19.8 | ||||
| Biological father | 9.7 | 1.0 | ||||
| Biological mother and father | 58.1 | 75.9 | 11.980 | .005* | ||
| Father ever had a drinking problem | ||||||
| Never | 38.5 | 61.9 | ||||
| In the past, but not currently | 61.5 | 31.3 | ||||
| Currently | 0.0 | 1.7 | ||||
| Both past and currently | 0.0 | 5.1 | 8.512 | .028* | ||
| Years of Education completed1 | 14.5 | (2.0) | 15.0 | (2.8) | −.0478 | .633 |
| Household yearly income - during pregnancy | 64200 | (53342) | 62362 | (41555) | 0.206 | .837 |
| Marital Status - current | ||||||
| Married | 56.7 | 78.9 | ||||
| Divorced/Widowed/Separated/Single | 43.3 | 17.5 | ||||
| Living with partner | 0.0 | 3.6 | 12.038 | .005A,** | ||
| Marital Status - current | ||||||
| Married | 56.3 | 77.0 | ||||
| Divorced/Widowed/Separated/Single | 25.0 | 11.8 | ||||
| Living with partner | 18.8 | 11.2 | 6.878 | .029A | ||
| Spirituality: none [0] to high [10]1 | 4.1 | (3.4) | 6.2 | (2.7) | −1.987 | .157 |
A
Fisher Exact Test
1.
Includes only MW sample II
2.
Includes only MW sample I
3.
Among women who breastfed.
4.
Among women who breastfed and consumed alcohol in the breastfeeding period.
5.
Pump and dump is the colloquial name for expressing breastmilk after drinking alcohol and disposing of it.
*
Significant at 0.05
**
Significant at the Bonferroni-adjusted value: physical variables = 0.006; childbearing variables = 0.007; prenatal care = 0.007; postnatal variables = 0.004.