. 2019 Oct 28;77(8):1511–1530. doi: 10.1007/s00018-019-03336-6

Table 3.

Summary of cell-type specificity of kinases in neuritogenesis and regeneration

	Primary cortical neurons	Primary hippocampal neurons	Primary dopaminergic neurons	Neuroblastoma cells	PC12 cells	Spiral ganglion neurons	Dorsal root ganglion neurons	Conclusion	Citations
Akt	N/A	(+) elongation	N/A	N/A	(+) elongation	(+) initiation	(+) elongation	Cell type specific	[94–96, 114]
Akt	N/A	(+) elongation	N/A	N/A	(-) elongation	(+) initiation	(+) regeneration	Cell type specific	[94–96, 114]
AMPK	(+) elongation	(−) elongation	(−) elongation	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Cell type specific, subunit composition specific	[70–79]
AMPK	(−) elongation	(−) elongation	(−) initiation	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Cell type specific, subunit composition specific	[70–79]
Aurora kinase A	(+) elongation	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	(+) elongation	Not cell type specific	[98]
CaMK II	N/A	(+) elongation	N/A	(+) initiation	N/A	N/A	N/A	Cell-type specific	[46, 71]
CaMK II	N/A	(+) elongation	N/A	(+) elongation	N/A	N/A	N/A	Cell-type specific	[46, 71]
Cdk5	(+) elongation	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	More studies in different model systems must be performed	[99–101]
FAK	(+) initiation	(+) initiation	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Not cell type specific	[53, 54]
JNK	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	(+) initiation	(+) initiation	Cell-type specific, isoform-type specific, pathway specific	[68–70]
						(+) initiation	(+) regeneration
						(−) initiation	(+) regeneration
MAPK/ERK	N/A	(+) initiation	N/A	(+) initiation	(+) initiation	N/A	(+) regeneration	Cell type specific	[22, 63–65, 114]
		(+) elongation			(+) initiation
		(+) elongation			(+) elongation
mTOR	N/A	(+) elongation	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	(+) regeneration	More studies in different model systems must be performed	[94, 114]
PI3K	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	(+) initiation	(+) initiation	(+) initiation	Not cell type specific	[85–87, 114]
PI3K	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	(+) initiation	(+) initiation	(+) regeneration	Not cell type specific	[85–87, 114]
PKA	N/A	N/A	N/A	(+) initiation	N/A	(+) elongation	N/A	Cell type specific	[56, 57, 111, 112]
						(−) elongation
						(+) regeneration
PKC	N/A	N/A	N/A	(−) initiation	N/A	N/A	N/A	More studies in different model systems must be performed	[56, 58, 59]
Rho kinase	(+) elongation	N/A	N/A	N/A	(+) elongation	N/A	N/A	Dose dependent*	[93, 102–104, 113]
	(−) elongation				(+) elongation
					(−) regeneration
					(−) elongation

Kinases are designated as cell-type specific if they either produce opposite or additional effects in different model systems

N/A not assessed, (+) elongation/initiation/regeneration positive effector of neurite elongation, initiation, or regeneration, (−) elongation/initiation/regeneration inhibits neurite elongation, initiation, or regeneration

*Rho kinase is designated as “dose dependent” because depending on the level of inhibition used it produces different effects on neurite formation in multiple cell types