Table 6.
Distal Maternal Risk Factors for FASD: Combined Sample Data for Physical, Childbearing, and Postnatal Variables from a Rocky Mountain Region City
| Children with FASD (n=35) |
Randomly- Selected Control Children (n=197) |
χ2 or t-test |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Physical | ||||
| Age at pregnancy (yrs) | 25.9 (5.6) | 28.1 (5.7) | −2.070 | .040* |
| Height at interview (cm) | 164.8 (5.1) | 165.3 (6.6) | −0.452 | .653 |
| Weight at interview (kg) | 73.7 (18.3) | 78.7 (21.8) | −1.259 | .209 |
| Body Mass Index | 27.3 (7.2) | 28.8 (7.4) | −1.074 | .284 |
| Head circumference | 55.9 (1.7) | 56.2 (1.8) | −0.788 | .432 |
| Weight before pregnancy (in kg) | 64.7 (11.6) | 69.7 (17.4) | −2.087 | .041* |
| Asthma – in lifetime (% Yes) | 26.5 | 8.9 | 8.805 | .007A,* |
| Stomach ulcers – in lifetime (% Yes) | 17.6 | 2.6 | 14.212 | .002A,** |
| Neurological conditions/ epilepsy - lifetime | 0.0 | 4.7 | 1.651 | .362A |
| Liver problems / hepatitis – in lifetime | 2.9 | 2.6 | .014 | 1.00A |
| Depression – in lifetime (% Yes) | 55.9 | 49.7 | .436 | .578A |
| Childbearing | ||||
| Gravidity | 3.4 (2.5) | 3.2 (1.4) | .517 | .608 |
| Parity | 2.6 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.2) | −0.004 | .997 |
| Miscarriages | 1.0 (1.3) | 0.7 (0.9) | 1.328 | .186 |
| Abortions | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.4) | .041 | .967 |
| Stillbirths | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.3) | 1.061 | .291 |
| Birth order of index child | 1.8 (1.5) | 1.9 (1.0) | −0.425 | .671 |
| Week of pregnancy recognition | 3.4 (2.5) | 5.8 (3.2) | 1.234 | .226 |
| Prenatal Care | ||||
| Once knew pregnant, take vitamins (% Yes) | 87.9 | 94.8 | 2.277 | .233A |
| # of times seen by healthcare provider | ||||
| Never | 0.0 | 0.5 | ||
| 1-5 times | 6.1 | 2.6 | ||
| More than 5 times | 93.9 | 96.9 | 1.306 | .656 |
| When first seen by healthcare provider | ||||
| 1st trimester | 82.4 | 93.8 | ||
| 2nd trimester | 14.7 | 4.6 | ||
| 3rd trimester | 2.9 | 0.0 | ||
| Delivery only | 0.0 | 1.5 | 8.830 | .021A,* |
| Other health problems - during pregnancy | 50.0 | 31.9 | 4.158 | .051A |
| Accidents/injury – during pregnancy (% Yes) | 27.3 | 11.4 | 6.000 | .025A,* |
| Postpartum depression (%Yes) | 41.9 | 25.3 | 3.707 | .081A |
| Postnatal Variables | ||||
| Birth weight (grams) | 2905 (691) | 3298 (619) | −3.318 | .001** |
| Estimated Gestation Age at birth (in weeks) | 37.8 (3.2) | 38.7 (2.4) | −1.704 | .097 |
| COI had problem(s) at birth (% Yes) | 76.5 | 51.8 | 7.136 | .008* |
| Breastfed (% Yes) | 73.3 | 75.5 | .068 | .821 |
| Consumed alcohol in breastfeeding period1 | 13.6 | 22.7 | .926 | .413 |
| Pump and dump (% Yes)2 all mothers who consumed alcohol and breastfed | 33.3 | 56.7 | .599 | .579A |
| Age of biological father (in years) | 27.7 (6.6) | 29.5 (6.6) | −1.5237 | .131 |
| Child lives with biological mother (% Yes) | 82.9 | 89.8 | 1.460 | .245A |
| Child lives with: | ||||
| Foster/Adopted/Relative | 5.7 | 7.1 | ||
| Biological mother | 40.0 | 24.5 | ||
| Biological father | 11.4 | 2.6 | ||
| Biological mother and father | 42.9 | 65.8 | 11.178 | .013* |
| Partner ever had a drinking problem | ||||
| Never | 63.3 | 74.3 | ||
| In the past, but not currently | 10.0 | 16.22 | ||
| Currently | 3.3 | 0.0 | ||
| Both past and currently | 23.3 | 9.6 | 10.739 | .013* |
| Years of Education completed | 13.6 (2.6) | 14.6 (2.5) | −2.174 | .031* |
| Household yearly income - during pregnancy | 48066 (43221) | 50251 (35712) | −0.366 | .715 |
| Marital Status - current | ||||
| Married | 58.8 | 78.1 | ||
| Divorced/Widowed/Separated/Single | 29.4 | 15.6 | ||
| Living with partner | 11.8 | 6.3 | 5.773 | .061 |
| Marital Status – during pregnancy | ||||
| Married | 60.0 | 70.1 | ||
| Divorced/Widowed/Separated/Single | 14.3 | 11.9 | ||
| Living with partner | 25.7 | 18.0 | 1.493 | .493 |
| Spirituality: none [0] to high [10] | 6.2 (2.4) | 6.6 (2.2) | −0.726 | .469 |
1
Among drinkers only
2
Pump and dump is the colloquial name for expressing breastmilk after drinking alcohol and disposing of it.
A.
Fisher’s Exact Test
*
Significant at 0.05
**
Significant at Bonferroni-adjusted level: Bonferroni-adjusted significance level: physical = 0.0045; childbearing = 0.007; prenatal care = 0.008; postnatal = 0.004