Table 3.

Effect of quinonoids on inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis or necrosis of lung cancer.

Quinonoids	Cell lines or animal models	Doses	Targets	Pharmacodynamic effects	Ref.
Embelin	A549 cells	2.5~25 μM	p38, JNK, ERK1/2	Induce apoptosis	[6]
Emodin	A549 cells	18.5~129.5 μM	FasL, c-Myc	Inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis	[7]
	Anip973 cells	10~60 μM	Caspase-3	Induce apoptosis, arrest cell cycle	[8]
	A549 and H1299 cells A549 xenograft nude mice	20~80 μM 50 mg/kg	TRIB3, NF-κB	Induce apoptosis, suppress tumor growth	[9]
	A549 cells	50 μM	p53, Bax, CytC, caspase-3	Induce apoptosis	[10]
	A549 and H1975 cells A549 xenograft nude mice	50 μM 25~50 mg/kg	AMPKα, ERK1/2, PPARγ, IGFBP1, Sp1	Arrest cell cycle, inhibit tumor growth	[11]
	A549 and SK-MES-1 cells	70 and 40 μM	ERCC1, Rad51	Inhibit proliferation	[12]
	H1650, A549, H520, and H1703 cells	10~100 μM	ERCC1, Rad51, MKK1/2, ERK1/2	Induce cytotoxicity	[13]
	H460 cells	1~50 μM	RXR	Inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis	[14]
Plumbagin	A549, H292, H460 cells	3~18 μM	NK-κB, caspase-9, caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, Bak, CytC, IκB	Inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis	[15]
β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin	A549 cells	7.5~15 μM	p38, caspase-9, caspase-8, caspase-3, PARP, CytC	Inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis	[16]
Chrysophanol	A549 cells	1~100 μM	CytC	Inhibit proliferation, induce necrosis	[17]
Tanshinone IIA	H1299, A549, SPCA-1, HCC827, and BEAS-2B cells	2~4 μM	miR-32, AURKA	Inhibit proliferation, promote apoptosis, and block cell cycle	[18]
	A549 cells	2.5~40 μM	JNK, caspase-9, caspase-3, Bax, CytC	Induce apoptosis	[19]
Tanshinone I	H358-IR and H157-IR cells	10 μM	PPAT	Inhibit proliferation and clone formation	[20]
Cryptotanshinone	LLC cells	1.1~67.5 μM	p53, cyclin B1, and Cdc2	Inhibit proliferation	[21]
	A549 and H1299 cells	1~50 μM	IGF-1R, Akt	Inhibit IGF-1-induced proliferation	[22]
Rhein	PC9, H460, and A549 cells H460 xenograft nude mice	30~100 μM 60~100 mg/kg	p-STAT3, Bcl-2, Bax, MDM2, Cdc2, p53, and cyclin B1	Induce apoptosis, block cell cycle, and suppress tumor growth	[23]
Juglone	NCI-H322 and A549 cells	2~50 μM	—	Induce cytotoxicity	[24]
Aloin	A549 cells	100~400 μM	p53, c-Jun/p38, Bcl-2	Inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis	[25]
Aloe-emodin	H520, H226, SK-MES-1, and H1299 cells H520 xenograft nude mice	2.5~40 μM 20 mg/kg	Caspase-3, PARP, caspase-8, caspase-9, MAPKs, PI3K/Akt	Inhibit cell proliferation, promote apoptosis, and suppress tumor growth	[26]
	H460 cells	10~40 μM	Caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-8, and caspase-9, MAPK, α-actinin, HSP27, p38, Bax/Bcl-2	Induce anoikis	[27]
	H460 cells	40 μM	hMTH1, hOGG1, APE	Induce DNA damage and apoptosis	[28]
	H460 cells	20 μM	PKC, RHO, p38, HSP27, FAK	Induce cell death	[29]
	H460 cells	40 μM	HSP60, HSP70	Induce cell death	[30]
Salvicine	A549 cells	25~100 μM	TRF2, γ-H2AX, ATM, ATR, p-p53, Hif1α	Initiate telomere erosion and DNA double-strand breaks	[31]
	A549 cells	6.25~50 μM	hTERT, hTP1, hTR	Inhibit the telomerase activity	[32]
Alkannin	GLC-82	0.18~21.8 μM	Caspase-3, PARP, p-GSK3α/β, p-Akt, p-FKHRL1, TRADD, Bim	Inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis	[33]
Dioscoreanone	A549 cells	0.35~35 μM	Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3	Induce apoptosis	[34]
Denbinobin	A549 cells	20 μM	ASK1, JNK, AP-1, c-Jun, Bim	Induce apoptosis	[35]
	A549 cells	1~20 μM	CytC, Smac, AIF, Bad, Bcl-xL, Akt	Induce apoptosis	[36]
Przewaquinone A	A427 cells	—	—	Induce cytotoxicity	[37]