Table 5.

Effect of quinonoids in inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor migration, and invasion.

Quinonoids	Cell lines or animal models	Doses	Targets	Pharmacodynamic effects	Ref.
Emodin	A549 cells	0.1~10 μM	P2Y receptors, NF-κB	Inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and EMT	[41]
	A549 cells	50~100 μM	CXCR4, CXCL12, HER2, NF-κB	Inhibit cell migration and invasion	[42]
Plumbagin	A549 cells A549 xenograft nude mice	1~8 μM 5 mg/kg	FAK, Akt, ROCK1, LIMK1/2, cofilin	Reduce OPN-induced invasion, suppress lung metastasis	[43]
	L9981 and NL9980 cells	3~12 μM	IL-6, STAT3	Inhibit cell proliferation and invasion	[44]
Thymoquinone	A549 cells	5~160 μM	ERK1/2, PCNA, cyclin D1, MMP2, and MMP9	Inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion	[45]
Tanshinone IIA	A549 cells	2.5~80 μM	VEGF, VEGFR2	Inhibit proliferation by blocking cell cycle and inducing apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis	[46]
Acetylshikonin	A549 cells LLC-bearing mice	5~20 μM 2 mg/kg	uPA	Inhibit angiogenesis and tumorigenesis	[47]
Denbinobin	A549 cells A549 xenograft mice	0.1~10 μM 25 mg/kg	IGF-1R, ERK, Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, 4EBP, and cyclin D1	Inhibit IGF-1-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo	[48]
Salvicine	A549 cells	0.625~200 μM	bFGF	Inhibit angiogenesis	[49]