Table II.

Microbiological Findings Obtained at Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease A Global Findings Obtained Using Classical Culture Techniques for Bacteria and Viruses Associated to Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Assays for the Detection of Viral and Atypical Bacterial Pathogens in Sputum Specimens

	Number of samples positive bya
	PCR microarray techniques		Culture assays
	n	%	n	%
Respiratory virusesb	20	44	3	6
HRV	9	20	0	0
HMPV	8	18	0	0
Influenza A virus	2	4	1	2
Influenza B virus	1	2	0	0
RSV	1	2	1	2
Parainfluenza virus	1	2	1	2
Respiratory bacteria			19	42
Classical PPM
Moraxella catarrhalis	ND	ND	6	13
Haemophilus influenzae	ND	ND	8	17
Streptococcus pneumoniae	ND	ND	3	7
Streptococcus species	ND	ND	1	2
Pasteurella multocida	ND	ND	ND	2
Citrobacter freundii	ND	ND	ND	2
Haemophilus parainfluenzae	ND	ND	1	2
Proteus vulgaris	ND	ND	1	2
Atypical respiratory pathogens
Legionella pneumophila	0	0
Mycoplasma pneumoniae	0	0
Chlamydia pneumoniae	0	0

B‐Viral and bacterial co‐infections at exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Coinfections		n = 12
Pathogen 1	Pathogen 2
HMPV		6
	Influenza A virus	1
	HRV	1
	H. influenzae	1
	M. catarrhalis	1
	S. pneumoniae	1
	H. parainfluenzae	1
HRV		6
	HMPV	1
	H. influenzae	4
	M. catarrhalis	1
RSV	H. influenzae	1

^aMore than one pathogen possible.

^bTwenty viral pathogens were detected by microarray system; only positive detected viral types were notified in this table.