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. 2003 Jun 16;74(3):331–343. doi: 10.1189/jlb.1102577

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Virus‐activated signal transduction. Cells respond to virus infection by activating a number of signal‐transduction cascades, which lead to nuclear translocation of a specific set of transcription factors. Ultimately, the activated transcription factors stimulate expression of chemokines and other proinflammatory mediators. For a more detailed description of virus‐activated signal transduction, see the text. This figure depicts the gene promoter regions of CCL5/RANTES, CCL3/MIP‐1α, CXCL8/IL‐8, and CXCL10/IP‐10, which are discussed in more detail in the text. NF‐AT, Nuclear factor of activated T cells; JNK, Jun N‐terminal kinase; ATF2, activating transcription factor 2; AP‐1, activator protein‐1; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; IKK, inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase; VAK, virus‐activated kinase; IRF, IFN regulatory factor; CRE, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element; GAS, IFN‐γ activation site; ISRE, IFN‐stimulated response element; C/EBP, CCAAT enhancer‐binding protein; CD28RE, CD28 response element.