Table 2.
Role of Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in the Host Response to Virus Infections
| Knockout/Ab treatment | Outcome of infection | Refs. |
|---|---|---|
| CCR1–/– | PVMa —lower respiratory tract infection | [52] |
| Leukocyte infiltration ↓b | ||
| CCL3 expression ↑ | ||
| Virus titers ↑ | ||
| Mortality ↑ | ||
| CCR1–/– | RSV—lower respiratory tract infection | [53] |
| Leukocyte infiltration ↔ | ||
| Virus titers ↔ | ||
| CCR2–/– | Influenza virus—respiratory tract infection | [36] |
| Macrophage and T cell infiltration ↓ | ||
| Delayed pulmonary tissue damage | ||
| Virus titers ↑ | ||
| Mortality ↓ | ||
| CCR2–/– | MHV—intracerebral infection | [41] |
| CD4+, CD8+, and macrophage infiltration ↓ | ||
| IFN‐γ and CCL5 expression ↓ | ||
| Virus titers ↑ | ||
| Mortality ↑ | ||
| CCR5–/– | LCMV infection | [54] |
| Systemic: generation of CD4+ and CD8+ ↑ | ||
| Virus titers ↔ | ||
| Intracerebral: accelerated mortality | ||
| Mononuclear cell infiltration ↔ | ||
| CCR5–/– | MHV—intracerebral infection | [55] |
| Delayed CD4+ and CD8+ infiltration | ||
| Macrophage infiltration ↓ | ||
| Virus titers ↔ (↑ early in infection) | ||
| Mortality ↔ | ||
| Demyelination ↓ | ||
| CCR5–/– | Influenza virus—respiratory tract infection | [36] |
| Macrophage infiltration ↑ | ||
| Accelerated pulmonary tissue damage | ||
| Virus titers ↔ | ||
| Mortality ↑ | ||
| CCR1, CCR5 (Met‐RANTES) | HSV‐2—intraperitoneal infection | Notec |
| Virus titers (liver, brain) ↑ | ||
| Proinflammatory cytokines ↑ | ||
| NK cell recruitment to peritoneum ↓ | ||
| CCL3–/– | Influenza virus—respiratory tract infection | [56] |
| Mononuclear infiltration and tissue damage ↓ | ||
| Virus titers ↑/delayed clearance | ||
| CCL3–/– | PVM—lower respiratory tract infection | [52] |
| Leukocyte infiltration ↓ | ||
| Virus titers ↑ | ||
| CCL3–/– | RSV—lower respiratory tract infection | [38] |
| Mononuclear cell infiltration ↓ | ||
| Pulmonary inflammation ↓ | ||
| CCL2, CCL5, CXCL2, and XCL1 ↓ | ||
| Virus titers ↔ (day 5) | ||
| CCL3–/– | Cocksackievirus B3 virus—intraperitoneal infection | [56] |
| Myocardial pathology ↓ | ||
| Virus titers ↔ | ||
| CCL3–/– | MCMV—intraperitoneal infection | [32] |
| NK cell infiltration in liver ↓ | ||
| IFN‐γ and CXCL9 induction in liver ↓ | ||
| Virus titers ↑/delayed clearance | ||
| Mortality ↑ | ||
| CCL3–/– | HSV‐1—corneal infection | [57] |
| CD4+ and neutrophil infiltration ↓ | ||
| IFN‐γ, IL‐2, CCL2, CXCL2 expression ↓ | ||
| Virus titers ↔ | ||
| Corneal opacity ↓ | ||
| CCL5 (RANTES; Ab) | MHV‐68—respiratory tract infection | [58] |
| Lymph node cell chemotaxis ↓ (ex vivo) | ||
| CXCL2 (Ab) | HSV‐1—corneal infection | [27] |
| Neutrophil infiltration ↓ | ||
| Corneal opacity ↓ | ||
| CXCL9 (MIG; Ab) | MHV–intracerebral infection | [40] |
| CD4+ and CD8+ infiltration ↓ | ||
| IFN‐γ and IFN‐β expression ↓ | ||
| IL‐10 production ↑ | ||
| Delayed virus clearance | ||
| CXCL9 (Ab) Treatment from day 12 | MHV—intracerebral infection | [59] |
| CD4+ and macrophage infiltration ↔ | ||
| CCL5 production ↔ | ||
| Infiltration and demyelination ↔ | ||
| CXCL9, CXCL10 (Ab) | HBV—transgenic mice with hepatic HBV replication | [47] |
| Virus titers ↔ | ||
| Infiltration of lymphomononuclear cells ↓ | ||
| Liver disease ↓ | ||
| CXCL10–/– | MHV—intracerebral infection | [60] |
| CD4+, CD8+, and macrophage infiltration ↓ | ||
| IFN‐γ, CXCL9, and CXCL11 expression ↓ | ||
| Virus titers ↑ (day 12)/delayed clearance | ||
| Demyelination ↓ | ||
| CXCL10 (Ab) Treatment from day 12 | MHV—intracerebral infection | [59] |
| CD4+ and macrophage infiltration ↓ | ||
| CCL5 production and IFN‐γ expression ↓ | ||
| Demyelination ↓ and initiation of remyelination | ||
| CXCL10 (Ab) | MHV‐68—respiratory tract infection | [58] |
| Lymph node cell chemotaxis ↓ (ex vivo) |
a
Ab, Antibody; IL, interleukin.
b
Symbols used in the text: ↓, Parameter decreased in knockout or antibody‐treated mice relative to control mice; ↑, parameter increased in knockout or antibody‐treated mice relative to control mice; ↔, parameter unchanged in knockout or antibody‐treated mice relative to control mice.
c
Sørensen, L. N., Paludan, S. R. (2003), submitted.