Table 3.

Regulation of RANTES/CCL5 Expression During Viral Infection

Virus	Cell type	NF‐κB pathway		MAP kinase system				IRF family members					Refs.
		NF‐κB	Specific kinases	p38	ERK	JNK	AP‐1	1	2	3	5	7
HSV	Many different	+a	+b	(+)						+	(+)		[81]c
HHV‐8d	Epithelial cells	+		(+)									[89]
Adenovirus	Epithelial cells	+											[90]
HPV‐16	Keratinocytes	(+)	(+)				(+)						[91]
RSV	Epithelial cells	+		+	+	(+)				(+)	(+)	(+)	[92, 93, 94]
Measles virus	Epithelial cells									+			[95]
Sendai virus	Epithelial cells	+								+		+	[80, 96]
	Macrophages	+						+					[97]
NDV	Epithelial cells									(+)	(+)	(+)	[81, 98]
Influenza virus	Macrophages	+											[97]
	Epithelial cells			+		+							[99]
Dengue virus	Epithelial cells	(+)											[100]
Hantavirus	Epithelial cells	(+)						(+)		(+)		(+)	[101]
VSV	Fibroblasts										(+)		[81]
Reovirus	Fibroblasts	(+)					(+)	(+)	(+)				[102]

^aSymbols used in the table: +, A direct connection between the specific protein and induction of CCL5 expression has been established; (+), indirect evidence for involvement in CCL5 expression has been published.

^bMogensen, T. H., Melchjorsen, J., Höllsberg, P., Paludan, S. R. (2003) Activation of NF‐κB in virus‐infected macrophages is dependent on mitochondrial oxidative stress and calcium release: down‐stream involvement of the kinases TAK1, MEKK1, and IKKβ, J. Immunol., in press.

^cData from this laboratory conclusively demonstrate a role for NF‐κB and IRF‐3 in HSV‐induced CCL5 expression in macrophages and fibroblasts (Melchjorsen, J., Paludan, S. R. (2003) Induction of RANTES/CCL5 expression by herpes simplex virus is regulated by NF‐κB and IRF‐3, J. Gen. Virol., in press).

^dERK, extracellular‐regulated kinase; HHV, human herpesvirus; HPV, human papillomavirus; NDV, Newcastle disease virus.