Table 2.
In-vitro screening of antiviral plants against viruses causing bronchitis
| Plant name | Part used | Extract/ Compound/ Control drug | Chemical class | %age of composition of major comp. in the extracts | Concentration (μg/ml) | Inhibition (%) | Viral type | Techniques |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyoscyamus niger | Flower | Methanol | 18.7 | 40 | 50 | Influenza A | Dye uptake assay[78] | |
| Acyclovir | No effect | |||||||
| Amantadine HC | 16.8 | 50 | ||||||
| Justicia adhatoda | Leaves | Methanol | Vasicine Alkaloids | 0.026 | 10 000 | 100 | Influenza | Simultaneous assay[50] |
| Aqueous | 0.023 | 5000 | 16.67 | |||||
| 10 000 | 33 | |||||||
| Ocimum basilicum | Whole plant | Aqueous | 174.1 | 50 | Adenovirus (ADV-3) | Cytopathic effect reduction assay[28] | ||
| Ethanol | >1000 | |||||||
| Linalool | Monoterpenoids | >95 | 24.4 | |||||
| Apigenin | Flavonoids | >95 | 11.1 | |||||
| Ursolic acid | Triterpenoids | >95 | >200 | |||||
| 2′,3′-Dideoxycytidine | 26.7 | 50 | ||||||
| Aqueous | 129.6 | 50 | Adenovirus (ADV-8) | |||||
| Ethanol | >200 | |||||||
| Linalool | >95 | 26.4 | ||||||
| Apigenin | >95 | 8.0 | ||||||
| Ursolic acid | >95 | 4.2 | ||||||
| 2′,3′-Dideoxycytidine | 12 | 50 | ||||||
| Aqueous | 129.1 | 50 | Adenovirus (ADV-11) | |||||
| Ethanol | 91.9 | |||||||
| Linalool | >95 | 16.9 | ||||||
| Apigenin | >95 | 20.9 | ||||||
| Ursolic acid | >95 | 24.5 | ||||||
| Hot aqueous | 2500 | 32 | ||||||
| Methanol | 78 | 28 | ||||||
| Hydro-methanol | 1250 | 30 | ||||||
| 2′,3′-Dideoxycytidine | 28.2 | 50 | ||||||
| Plantago major | Whole plant | Aqueous | >1000 | 50 | Adenovirus (ADV-3) | XTT assay [10] | ||
| Aucubin | Iridoid glycoside | NA | >200 | |||||
| Baicalein | Flavonoids | >20 | ||||||
| Baicalin | >50 | |||||||
| Luteolin | >25 | |||||||
| Caffeic acid | Phenolic compounds | 14.2 | ||||||
| Chlorogenic acid | 76.0 | |||||||
| Ferulic acid | >100 | |||||||
| p-coumaric acid | >200 | |||||||
| Oleanolic acid | Triterpenoids | >40 | ||||||
| Ursolic acid | >20 | |||||||
| Vanillic acid | Benzoic compounds | >200 | ||||||
| ddC | 5.3 | |||||||
| Aqueous | >1000 | 50 | Adenovirus (ADV-8) | |||||
| Aucubin | >200 | |||||||
| Baicalein | >20 | |||||||
| Baicalin | >50 | |||||||
| Caffeic acid | >200 | |||||||
| Chlorogenic acid | 108 | |||||||
| Ferulic acid | 52.5 | |||||||
| Luteolin | >25 | |||||||
| Oleanolic acid | >40 | |||||||
| p-coumaric acid | >200 | |||||||
| Ursolic acid | >20 | |||||||
| Vanillic acid | >200 | |||||||
| ddC | 10 | 50 | ||||||
| Aqueous | >1000 | 50 | Adenovirus (ADV-11) | |||||
| Aucubin | >200 | |||||||
| Baicalein | >20 | |||||||
| Baicalin | >50 | |||||||
| Caffeic acid | >200 | |||||||
| Chlorogenic acid | 13.3 | |||||||
| Ferulic acid | 23.3 | |||||||
| Luteolin | >25 | |||||||
| Oleanolic acid | >40 | |||||||
| p-coumaric acid | 43.8 | |||||||
| Ursolic acid | >20 | |||||||
| Vanillic acid | >200 | |||||||
| ddC | 14 | |||||||
| Verbascum thapsus | Aerial parts | Methanol | Phenylethanoid and lignan glycosides | 6.25 | 50 | Influenza A | Dye uptake assay [50] | |
| Zingiber officinale | Rhizome | ar-curcumene | Sesquiterpenes | 20.4 | 50 | Rhinovirus IB | Plaque reduction test [30] | |
| β-Sesquiphellandrene | 0.90 | |||||||
| α-Zingiberene | 1.90 | |||||||
| β-Bisabolene | 14.3 | |||||||
| Flavan | Flavonoids | 0.27 | ||||||
| 4, 6-Dichloroflavan | 0.02 | |||||||
| Flavan 5 | 0.02 |