Table 2.
Compounds identified with in vitro activity against MERS or SARS 63, 64; additional molecules can be found in [61]
| Molecule | Class | MERS EC50 (μM) |
MERS CC50 (μM) |
MERS SI |
SARS EC50 (μM) |
SARS CC50 (μM) |
SARS SI |
Ref. | FDA status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Chloroquine |
Antimalarial | 3.0 | 58.1 | 19.4 | 4.1 | >128 | 31 | [66] | Approved |
 Chlorpromazine |
Antipsychotic | 4.9 | 21.3 | 4.3 | 8.8 | 24.3 | 2.8 | [66] | Approved |
 Loperamide |
Antidiarrheal | 4.8 | 15.5 | 3.2 | 5.9 | 53.8 | 9.1 | [66] | Approved |
 Lopinavir |
Antiviral for HIV | 8.0 | 24.4 | 3.1 | 17.1 | >32 | >2 | [66] | Approved |
 Emetine |
Anti-protozoal and vomiting inducer | 0.014 | 0.051 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Chloroquine diphosphate |
Antimalarial | 6.275 | 6.538 | [67] | Yes | ||||
 Hydroxychloroquine sulfate |
Antimalarial | 8.279 | 7.966 | [67] | Yes | ||||
 Mefloquine |
Antimalarial | 7.416 | 15.553 | [67] | Yes | ||||
 Amodiaquine |
Antimalarial | 6.212 | 1.274 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Aloxistatin |
Cysteine protease inhibitor | 1.275 | 0.761 | [67] | Experimental | ||||
 Gemcitabine |
Antineoplastic agent | 1.216 | 4.957 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Tamoxifen |
Antineoplastic agent | 10.117 | 92.886 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Toremifene |
Antineoplastic agent | 12.915 | 11.969 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Terconazole |
Antifungal agent | 12.203 | 15.327 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Triparanol |
Cholesterol-lowering agent | 5.283 | [67] | Withdrawn | |||||
 Anisomycin |
Antibacterial agent | 0.003 | 0.191 | [67] | Experimental | ||||
 Cycloheximide |
Antifungal agent | 0.189 | 0.043 | [67] | Experimental | ||||
 Homoharringtonine |
Antineoplastic agent | 0.0718 | [67] | Approved | |||||
 Benztropine |
Anticholinergic agent | 16.627 | 21.611 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Fluspirilene |
Antipsychotic agent | 7.477 | 5.963 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Thiothixene |
Antipsychotic agent | 9.297 | 5.316 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Fluphenazine |
Antipsychotic agent | 5.868 | 21.431 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Astemizole |
Antihistamine agent | 4.884 | 5.591 | [67] | Withdrawn | ||||
 Chlorphenoxamine |
Anticholinergic and antihistamine agent | 12.646 | 20.031 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Thiethylperazine |
Antipsychotic agent | 7.865 | [67] | Approved | |||||
 Triflupromazine |
Antipsychotic agent | 5.758 | 6.398 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Clomipramine |
Antidepressant agent | 9.332 | 13.238 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Imatinib |
Antineoplastic agent | 17.689 | 9.823 | [67] | Approved | ||||
 Dasatinib |
Antineoplastic agent | 5.468 | 2.100 | [67] | Approved |