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. 2020 Apr 17;3(5):e202000707. doi: 10.26508/lsa.202000707

Figure 2. Human cerebral organoids (hCOs) mimic early human cortical development.

Figure 2.

The localization of SOX2 (radial glia), NeuN (neurons), CTIP2, and SATB2 (cortical layer markers) in hCOs at 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 wk of age, co-stained with DAPI, was visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy. Images of whole hCOs (top) and magnified images (Zoom) of selected ventricles or regions (white box) at each time point are shown. White dashed lines mark ventricles (center ring) and the outer perimeter SOX+ radial glial cells (outer ring). White dashed lines mark the ventricle-like cavities (inner ring) and the outer perimeter of the SOX2+ layer in 4–12-wk COs or the SOX+ and outer edge of the cortical plate in 18- and 24-wk COs. (A) Ventricle-like structures are lost in older (18 and 24 wk) COs. (B) Expression of CTIP2 (gene name, BCL11B; deep layer cortical neuron marker) precedes that of SATB2 (upper layer cortical neuron marker), both of which are superficial to the SOX2+ ventricular zone in 4–12-wk COs, recapitulating in vivo cortical development, whereas in older COs (18 and 24 wk), this distinct separation is less evident. Scale bar = 500 μm for whole COs and 100 μm for magnified ventricles.