Table 3. Sensitivity and specificity of opioid withdrawal symptoms according to the type of opioid analgesic.
| Symptoms | Remifentanil | Fentanyl | Morphine | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity | Specificity | Sensitivity | Specificity | Sensitivity | Specificity | |
| CAM | 16.7 (5.8–39.2) | 80.0 (65.2–89.5) | 17.7 (6.2–41.0) | 93.3 (78.7–98.2) | 50.0 (9.5–90.6) | 79.0 (56.7–91.5) |
| Pupil | 33.3 (16.3–56.3) | 80.0 (65.2–89.5) | 47.1 (26.2–69.0) | 76.7 (59.1–88.2) | 50.0 (9.5–90.6) | 88.5 (71.0–96.0) |
| GCS | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.9 (1.1–27.0) | 97.0 (84.7–99.5) | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| RASS | 44.4 (24.6–66.3) | 90.0 (77.0–96.0) | 47.1 (26.2–69.0) | 76.5 (60.0–87.6) | 50.0 (9.5–90.6) | 79.0 (56.7–91.5) |
| Seizure | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fever | 22.2 (9.0–45.2) | 92.5 (80.1–97.4) | 23.1 (8.2–50.3) | 88.2 (73.4–95.3) | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| RR | 94.4 (74.2–99.0) | 52.6 (39.9–65.0) | 76.5 (52.7–90.4) | 36.7 (21.9–54.5) | 100.0 (34.2–100.0) | 42.1 (23.1–63.7) |
| HR | 72.2 (49.1–87.5) | 40.0 (21.9–61.3) | 58.8 (36.0–78.4) | 76.7 (59.1–88.2) | 50.0 (9.5–90.6) | 52.6 (31.7–72.7) |
| Sputum | 55.6 (33.7–75.4) | 95.0 (83.5–98.6) | 76.5 (52.7–90.4) | 100.0 (90.8–100.0) | 0.0 (0.0–65.8) | 73.7 (51.2–88.2) |
| Secretion | 55.6 (33.7–75.4) | 95.0 (83.5–98.6) | 76.5 (52.7–90.4) | 95.0 (83.5–98.6) | 0.0 (0.0–65.8) | 90.3 (75.1–96.7) |
| Stool | 55.6 (33.7–75.4) | 72.7 (51.9–86.9) | 29.4 (13.3–53.1) | 85.0 (70.9–92.9) | 50.0 (9.5–90.6) | 89.5 (68.6–97.1) |
Results are reported as % (95% confidence interval).
CAM = Confusion Assessment Method, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, RASS = Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, RR = respiratory rate, HR = heart rate.