Table 2.

Targeting gastrointestinal cancer stem cell surface markers by monoclonal antibodies

Targeting approach	Cancer model	Effects	Ref.
RG7576 mAb against CD44	Solid tumors	Inhibited tumor growth and induced activation of macrophages	[23-26]
SWA11 against CD24	Colorectal cancer	Reduced tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis	[27,28]
G7 mAbs against CD24	Liver cancer	Suppressed tumor growth	[29-31]
Catumaxomab (Removab®) mAb targeting EpCAM (CD326)	Gastric, colon cancers, pancreas	Activated immune cells (NK cells, macrophages, and T cells); prolonged survival period	[32-35]

NK: Natural killer; mAb: Monoclonal antibodies.