Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in pancreatic cancer screening program based on endoscopic ultrasound results
| Baseline characteristics | Normal EUS (n = 74) | Pancreatic Cyst (n = 25) | BD-IPMN (n = 9) | Diffuse abnormality (n = 9) | Neoplastic tumours on EUS (n = 3) | P value |
| Age (yr), mean (SD) | 55.0 (9.8) | 57.3 (7.9) | 60.1 (10.0) | 59.3 (8.8) | 57.7 (4.5) | 0.388 |
| Age quartile, n (%) | ||||||
| Quartile 1 (35-50) | 23 (31.1) | 5 (20.0) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Quartile 2 (51-56) | 17 (23.0) | 7 (28.0) | 3 (33.3) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (33.3) | |
| Quartile 3 (57-63) | 20 (27.0) | 6 (24.0) | 2 (22.2) | 3 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | |
| Quartile 4 (64-78) | 14 (18.9) | 7 (28.0) | 3 (33.3) | 3 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 27.3 (5.2) | 27.8 (5.4) | 26.8 (4.2) | 31.6 (3.4) | 24.0 (5.2) | 0.117 |
| BMI quartile, n (%) | 0.0131 | |||||
| Quartile 1 (19.5-23.8) | 18 (24.3) | 6 (24.0) | 4 (44.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.7) | |
| Quartile 2 (23.9-27.2) | 22 (29.7) | 8 (32.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Quartile 3 (27.3-30.4) | 18 (24.3) | 6 (24.0) | 2 (22.2) | 3 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | |
| Quartile 4 (30.5-46.7) | 16 (21.6) | 5 (20.0) | 3 (33.3) | 6 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.362 | |||||
| Female | 51 (68.9) | 18 (72.0) | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) | 1 (33.3) | |
| Male | 23 (31.1) | 7 (28.0) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | 2 (66.7) | |
| BRCA2 positive, n (%) | 10 (13.5) | 7 (28.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0.0321 |
| First degree relatives with PC, n (%) | 0.947 | |||||
| 0 | 3 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 1 | 43 (58.1) | 16 (64.0) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | 2 (66.7) | |
| 2 | 21 (28.4) | 5 (20.0) | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) | 1 (33.3) | |
| 3 | 7 (9.5) | 4 (16.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Second degree relative with PC, n (%) | 0.432 | |||||
| 0 | 23 (31.1) | 9 (36.0) | 5 (55.6) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (66.7) | |
| 1 | 17 (23.0) | 9 (36.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (77.8) | 1 (33.3) | |
| 2 | 20 (27.0) | 3 (12.0) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 3 | 8 (10.8) | 3 (12.0) | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 4 | 6 (8.1) | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Youngest PC diagnosis, median (IQR) | 50 (44-64.5) | 60 (46-66) | 65 (45.5-68.5) | 53 (38-70) | 75 (22-75) | 0.519 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.848 | |||||
| Asian | 1 (1.4) | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Caucasian | 70 (94.6) | 24 (96.0) | 9 (100.0) | 9 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | |
| Other | 3 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Jewish origin, n (%) | 5 (6.8) | 7 (28.0) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.079 |
| Ashkenazi | 5 (7.4) | 6 (24.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.121 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Personal history of cancer, n (%) | 13 (17.6) | 5 (20.0) | 3 (33.3) | 4 (44.4) | 1 (33.3) | 0.350 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 4 (5.4) | 1 (4.0) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.434 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.184 |
| Oral hypoglycaemic medication, n (%) | 4 (7.4) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.840 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.188 | |||||
| Never smoked | 32 (47.8) | 17 (68.0) | 5 (55.6) | 6 (66.7) | 2 (66.7) | |
| Stopped smoking | 32 (47.8) | 7 (28.0) | 4 (44.4) | 3 (33.3) | 0 (.0) | |
| Still smoking | 3 (4.5) | 1 (4.0) | 0 (.0) | 0 (.0) | 1 (33.3) | |
| Cigarettes per day, Median (IQR) | 13.5 (6.0-20.0) | 12.5 (6.3-23.8) | 12.0 (1.0-12.0) | 10.0 (5.0-10.0) | 20.0 (20.0-20.0) | 0.929 |
| Cigarettes per day quartile, n (%) | 0.963 | |||||
| Quartile 1 (1-6) | 11 (30.6) | 2 (25.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Quartile 2 (7-12) | 7 (19.4) | 2 (25.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Quartile 3 (15-20) | 14 (38.9) | 2 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
| Quartile 4 (25-75) | 4 (11.1) | 2 (25.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Years smoking, n (%) | 0.629 | |||||
| < 10 | 12 (33.3) | 3 (37.5) | 2 (50.0) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 11-20 | 11 (30.6) | 3 (37.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 21-30 | 8 (22.2) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (50.0) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 31-40 | 4 (11.1) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
| 41-50 | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| > 50 | 12 (33.3) | 3 (37.5) | 2 (50.0) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.209 | |||||
| Daily | 19 (25.7) | 7 (28.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | |
| Weekly | 14 (18.9) | 5 (20.0) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Social | 5 (6.8) | 5 (20.0) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (33.3) | |
| No history of chronic consumption | 36 (48.6) | 8 (32.0) | 6 (66.7) | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Drinks per week, Median (IQR) | 6.0 (3.0-15.0) | 4 (2.0-10.0) | 2.5 (1.0-6.0) | 6.0 (1.0-15.0) | 21.0 (1.0-21.0) | 0.331 |
| Drinks per week quartile, n (%) | 0.328 | |||||
| Quartile 1 (1 - 3) | 16 (25.8) | 6 (31.6) | 5 (62.5) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (33.3) | |
| Quartile 2 (4 - 6) | 19 (30.6) | 4 (21.1) | 2 (25.0) | 2 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Quartile 3 (7 - 14) | 11 (17.7) | 7 (36.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Quartile 4 (15 - 35) | 16 (25.8) | 2 (10.5) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (66.7) | |
| Age of first drink, Median (IQR) | 18.0 (17.0-18.0) | 20.0 (18.0-25.0) | 19.0 (18.0-21.0) | 17.0 (15.0-20.0) | 18.0 (15.0-18.0) | 0.0331 |
| Years drinking, n (%) | 0.129 | |||||
| < 10 | 2 (3.4) | 2 (11.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 11-20 | 11 (18.6) | 3 (17.6) | 3 (37.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 21-30 | 13 (22.0) | 6 (35.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (33.3) | |
| 31-40 | 22 (37.3) | 5 (29.4) | 2 (25.0) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (66.7) | |
| 41-50 | 8 (13.6) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (25.0) | 2 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| > 50 | 2 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Biochemistry | ||||||
| CRP, Median (IQR) | 1.3 (0.6-2.5) | 1.7 (0.7-4.2) | 1.4 (0.5-1.9) | 0.8 (0.6-4.4) | 0.8 (0.3-0.8) | 0.835 |
| CA19-9, Median (IQR) | 9.0 (6.0-16.0) | 9.0 (7.0-15.8) | 9.0 (5.7-15.0) | 16.0 (8.5-19.5) | 47.0 (22.0-47.0) | 0.058 |
| MIC-1/GDF15, Median (IQR) | 558.2 (449.6-715.3) | 574.3 (448.5-830.3) | 659.3 (484.2-1077.3) | 553.2 (512.9-967.0) | 849.1 (604.9- 849.1) | 0.178 |
Quartiles were created using the entire cohort, which were split into 4 groups for the appropriate measurements. Percentages for variables such as cigarettes, drinking etc. are CUMULATIVE, i.e., ignores variables which did not have a number, presumably because the patient doesn’t drink/smoke. Biochemistry of MIC-1 is at baseline. An ANOVA test was used to compare normally distributed continuous variables, whereas a Kruskal-Wallis test was used to comparing ordinal and non-normally distributed continuous variables. A Fisher’s exact test (2-tailed) was used to compare dichotomous variables.
1
Denotes statistical significance. EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; BD-IPMN: Branch duct intraductal mucinous papillary neoplasia; BMI: Body mass index; PC: Pancreatic cancer; IQR: Interquartile range; CRP: C-reactive protein; CA19-9: Cancer antigen 19-9.