Table 1.
Comparison of participant characteristics in the training and validation cohorts
| Characteristic | Training cohort (n = 339) | Validation cohort (n = 115) | P value |
| Median age (IQR), yr | 57 (49, 65) | 59 (51, 67) | 0.141 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 284 (83.8) | 104 (90.4) | 0.080 |
| Female | 55 (16.2) | 11 (9.6) | |
| Tumor size, cm | 4.5 (3.0, 8.0) | 4.0 (2.5, 7.0) | 0.095 |
| Number of tumors | |||
| Single | 285 (84.1) | 89 (77.4) | 0.104 |
| Multiple | 54 (15.9) | 26 (22.6) | |
| Child-Pugh grade | |||
| A | 315 (92.9) | 104 (90.4) | 0.388 |
| B | 24 (7.1) | 11 (9.6) | |
| Clinical stage | |||
| I | 241 (71.1) | 80 (69.6) | 0.727 |
| II | 86 (25.4) | 29 (25.2) | |
| III | 12 (3.5) | 6 (5.2) | |
| Etiology | |||
| Hepatitis B | 253 (74.6) | 93 (80.9) | 0.175 |
| Non-hepatitis B | 86 (25.4) | 22 (19.1) | |
| AFP, ng/mL | |||
| ≤ 20 | 142 (41.9) | 46 (40.0) | 0.122 |
| 20–40 | 81 (23.9) | 38 (33.0) | |
| ≥ 400 L | 116 (34.2) | 31 (27.0) | |
| WBC, 109/L | |||
| ≤ 4.0 | 83 (24.5) | 33 (28.7) | 0.371 |
| > 4.0 | 256 (75.5) | 82 (71.3) | |
| Neutrophils, 109/L | |||
| ≤ 3.0 | 167 (49.3) | 65 (56.5) | 0.178 |
| > 3.0 | 172 (50.7) | 50 (43.5) | |
| PLT, 109/L | |||
| ≤ 125 | 128 (37.8) | 44 (38.3) | 0.923 |
| > 125 | 211 (62.2) | 71 (61.7) | |
| RDW | |||
| ≤ 13.0 | 119 (35.1) | 54 (47.0) | 0.024 |
| > 13.0 | 220 (64.9) | 61 (53.0) | |
| NLR | |||
| ≤ 2.0 | 150 (44.2) | 60 (52.2) | 0.141 |
| > 2.0 | 189 (55.8) | 55 (47.8) | |
| PLR | |||
| ≤ 100 | 166 (49.0) | 65 (56.5) | 0.161 |
| > 100 | 173 (51.0) | 50 (43.5) | |
| SII | |||
| ≤ 300 | 173 (51.0) | 66 (57.4) | 0.238 |
| > 300 | 166 (49.0) | 49 (42.6) | |
| PT, sec | |||
| ≤ 13.0 | 250 (73.7) | 92 (80.0) | 0.179 |
| > 13.0 | 89 (26.3) | 23 (20.0) | |
| FIB, g/L | |||
| ≤ 2.0 | 90 (26.5) | 24 (20.9) | 0.225 |
| > 2.0 | 249 (73.5) | 91 (79.1) | |
| ALB, g/L | |||
| ≤ 40 | 192 (56.6) | 50 (43.5) | 0.015 |
| > 40 | 147 (43.4) | 65 (56.5) | |
| ALT, U/L | |||
| ≤ 40 | 204 (60.2) | 77 (67.0) | 0.196 |
| > 40 | 135 (39.8) | 38 (33.0) | |
| AST, U/L | |||
| ≤ 35 | 160 (47.2) | 62 (53.9) | 0.213 |
| > 35 | 179 (52.8) | 53 (46.1) | |
| GGT, U/L | |||
| ≤ 45 | 120 (35.4) | 38 (33.0) | 0.647 |
| > 45 | 219 (64.6) | 77 (67.0) | |
| TB, μmol/L | |||
| ≤ 19 | 257 (75.8) | 85 (73.9) | 0.683 |
| > 19 | 82 (24.2) | 30 (26.1) | |
| ALP, g/L | |||
| ≤ 120 | 210 (61.9) | 71 (61.7) | 0.968 |
| > 120 | 129 (38.1) | 44 (38.3) | |
| GLU, mmol/L | |||
| ≤ 6.1 | 278 (82.0) | 97 (84.3) | 0.567 |
| > 6.1 | 61 (18.0) | 18 (15.7) | |
| ALBI grade | |||
| 1 | 164 (48.4) | 71 (61.7) | 0.017 |
| 2 | 171 (50.4) | 41 (35.7) | |
| 3 | 4 (1.2) | 3 (2.6) | |
| MVI | |||
| Absent | 182 (53.7) | 63 (54.8) | 0.839 |
| Present | 157 (46.3) | 52 (45.2) | |
| Edmondson-Steiner classification | |||
| I–II | 142 (41.9) | 43 (37.4) | 0.396 |
| III–IV | 197 (58.1) | 72 (62.6) |
IQR: Interquartile range; AFP: α-fetoprotein; WBC: White blood cells; PLT: Platelets; RDW: Red blood cell distribution width; NLR: Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; PLR: Platelet–lymphocyte ratio; SII: Systemic immune-inflammation index; PT: Prothrombin time; FIB: Fibrinogen; ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; GGT: γ-glutamyltransferase; TB: Total bilirubin; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GLU: Glucose; ALBI: Albumin-bilirubin; MVI: Microvascular invasion.