Fig. 8.

Generalized model of primary and secondary drug effects occurring at the scales of mRNA and protein regulation. The dashed circles represent downstream proteins involved in the signal transduction and mediation of pharmacodynamic responses. The dotted lines and symbols indicate stimulation (open symbol) and inhibition (solid symbol) of the various turnover processes (solid lines) via indirect mechanisms. The rectangles represent primary drug action. The ellipses represent secondary drug effects via secondary mechanisms