Forskolin treatment of BeWo cells for 24 hours induced differentiation and formation of syncytial-like cells (A and B). qPCR analysis of hIGF1 expression in differentiated BeWo cells showed no difference in mRNA expression in untreated (control), forskolin treated (FK), nor forskolin + plasmid alone treated (FK+Plac1-hIGF1) cells, however, a significant increase in hIGF1 mRNA expression was found in the forskolin + hIGF1 nanoparticle (FK+NP-Plac1-hIGF1) treated cells (C). Similarly in isolated syncytiotrophoblast cells, treatment with plasmid alone (Plac1-hIGF1) did not increase hIGF1 mRNA expression compared to untreated (control) but nanoparticle (NP-Plac1-hIGF1) treatment resulted in a significant increase (D). Data are median ± interquartile range, n=6 passages (C) and n=4 isolated placentas (D). Statistical significance was determined with a Kruskal-Wallace test and Dunn’s post hoc analysis.