Table 1.
Subject characteristics and symptoms†
| Characteristic |
EV‐D68 PCR positive n = 40 n (%) or ‡median (IQR) |
EV‐D68 PCR negative n = 36 n (%) or ‡median (IQR) |
P‐value | OR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 25 (62.5) | 23 (63.9) | 1.00§ | 0.94 (0.33–2.65) |
| Median age, years (range)‡ | 3.0 (5.5) | 3.0 (4.0) | 0.36¶ | NA |
| Viral coinfection | 13 (32.5) | 17 (47.2) | 0.24§ | 0.54 (0.19–1.51) |
| Bacterial and other coinfection†† | 0 (0.0) | 3 (8.3) | 0.10§ | 0 (0–1.11) |
| Symptoms at presentation | ||||
| Cough | 40 (100) | 35 (97.2) | NA | NA |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.8) | ||
| Rhinorrhea | 11 (27.5) | 19 (52.8) | 0.19§ | 0.36 (0.075–1.66) |
| Missing | 21 (52.5) | 12 (33.3) | ||
| Wheeze | 34 (85.0) | 29 (80.6) | 0.34§ | 2.05 (0.46–10.45) |
| Missing | 2 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Fever | 26 (65.0) | 28 (77.8) | 0.31§ | 0.53 (0.17–1.64) |
| Days between onset of symptoms and timing of sample‡ | 3.0 (5.0) | 5.0 (4.5) | 0.0097 ¶ | NA |
| Days between onset of symptoms and admission‡ | 1.0 (2.0) | 4.0 (3.0) | 0.0001 ¶ | NA |
| Underlying disease | ||||
| Asthma/repeated wheezing | 14 (35.0) | 14 (40.0) | 0.81§ | 0.81 (0.29–2.29) |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.8) | ||
| NMD | 3 (7.5) | 3 (8.3) | 1.00§ | 0.89 (0.11–7.14) |
| Premature birth | 4 (10.3) | 3 (8.8) | 1.00§ | 1.18 (0.18–8.68) |
| Missing | 1 (2.5) | 2 (5.6) | ||
| CVD | 2 (5.0) | 3 (8.3) | 0.66§ | 0.57 (0.046–5.41) |
| Chromosome abnormality | 2 (5.0) | 1 (2.7) | 1.00§ | 1.84 (0.091–111.72) |
| LOH (days)‡ | 5.0 (4.0) | 5.5 (2.5) | 0.75¶ | NA |
| PICU admission | 3 (7.5) | 3 (8.3) | 1.00§ | 0.89 (0.11–7.14) |
| NIPPV | 1 (2.5) | 1 (2.8) | 1.00§ | 0.90 (0.011–72.43) |
| Saturation < 93% on room air | 35 (87.5) | 28 (77.8) | 0.36§ | 2 (0.51–8.61) |
| Supplemental oxygen | 39 (97.5) | 33 (91.7) | 0.34§ | 3.55 (0.27–190.78) |
| I.v. steroid | 31 (77.5) | 21 (58.3) | 0.088§ | 2.46 (0.82–7.59) |
| I.v. magnesium sulfate | 6 (15.0) | 2 (5.6) | 0.27§ | 3 (0.48–32.0) |
| WBC (/μL)‡ | 11 980.0 (4,0.0) | 12 585.0 (7,670.0) | 1.00¶ | NA |
| CRP (mg/L)‡ | 0.70 (1.57) | 1.88 (3.38) | 0.035 ¶ | NA |
| Eosinophilia > 500/μL at presentation | 5 (13.2) | 1 (2.9) | 0.20§ | 5.15 (0.52–250.64) |
| Missing | 2 (5.0) | 1 (2.8) | ||
| Abnormal chest X‐ray‡‡ | 13 (33.3) | 16 (45.7) | 0.34§ | 0.59 (0.21–1.68) |
| Missing | 1 (2.5) | 1 (2.8) | ||
Bold, P< 0.05. †Percentages were calculated based on total numbers excluding missing values for each characteristic. §Fisher's exact test, ¶Wilcoxon rank‐sum test. ††Positive for Mycoplasma pneumonia on loop‐mediated isothermal amplification or culture‐confirmed invasive bacterial infection (n = 3). ‡‡Consolidation or ground glass opacity, hyperlucent lung due to air trapping. CRP, C‐reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EV‐D68, enterovirus D68; LOH, length of hospitalization; NMD, neuromuscular disease; NIPPV, non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PICU, pediatric intensive care unit; WBC, white blood cells.
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