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. 2020 Feb 1;10(2):9. doi: 10.3390/bios10020009

Table 1.

Application of NPs with real samples.

NPs Modification Analyte Detection Performance Sample Year Ref.
Tech. Parameters Tech. Parameters Linear range LOD
Ag DC 12 μL AgNP-rGO composite, RT H2O2 AD −0.3 V 0.5 μM to 12 mM 0.21 μM Contact lens
care solution		 2016 [26]
PE CA, −1.2 V, 10 s Sulfite AD +0.4 V 1.96 to 16.66 mM 1.99 mM Beverages 2013 [31]
PE Step 1: CA, 0.13 V, 5 ms
Step 2: CA, 0.24 V, 25 s		 Metronidazole DPV Eamp: −0.1 V
0.075 Vs−1 		3.1 to 310 μM 0.4 μM Serum, Urine,
and Tablets		 2012 [32]
PE CA, −1.2 V, 120 s Lamotrigine DPCSV
(CA+DPV)		 A: −0.90, 147 s 0.33 to 1.50 μM 0.372 μM Pharmaceuticals 2007 [33]
PE CA, −1.2 V, 20 s Chloride
Bromide
Iodide		 LSV −0.2 to 0.6 V, 0.01 V s−1 3 μM to 100 μM
5 μM to 90 μM
5 μM to 80 μM		 3 μM
5 μM
5 μM		 Synthetic sweat 2018 [34]
Au IM Ionophore based ink Trazodone OCP - 10 μM to 10 mM 6.8 μM Pharmaceuticals 2018 [15]
DC - Carbofuran DPCSV
(CA+DPV)		 A: 0 V, 60 s
DPV: −0.2 to 0.35 V,
Ep: 0.15 V, tp: 0.3 s,
Estep: 0.01 V		 1–250 µM 0.22 µM Food 2017 [21]
DC 1.8 µL AuNPs Graphene
composite, RT, 12 h		 H2O2
Glucose		 AD −0.2V 0.2 to 4.2 mM
2 to 10mM		 −
180 µM		 Blood 2010 [28]
PE CA, +0.18 V, 10 s Sulfite AD +0.3 V 9.8 to 83.33 μM 9.79 μM Beverages 2013 [31]
PE CA, +0.18 V, 50 s Ascorbic acid DPV −0.2 to 0.8 V, 0.1 V s−1
Ep: 0.012 V, tp: 0.07 s,
Estep: 0.025 V		 1.9 to 16.6 μM 0.99 μM Serum 2017 [35]
HEA-GE Step 1: CP, 3 Acm−2, 100 s, RT
Step 2: CV, 10 cycles,
−0.7 to 0.4 V, 0.05 Vs−1 		Glucose AD −0.2 V 1.5 and 16 mM 25 µM Serum 2018 [36]
PE CA, −0.2 V, 150 s Glycated
hemoglobin		 CV 0 to −0.6 V, 0.1 Vs−1
Calibrated at −0.45 V		 2 to 20% 0.65% Serum 2019 [58]
PE CV, 5 cycles
+0.4 to −0.6 V, 0.05 Vs−1 		Sulfide DPCSV
(CA+DPV)		 A, +0.4 V, 60 s
DPV: +0.4 to −0.9 V,
Ep: 0.008 V, tp: 0.05 s,
Estep: 0.1 V		 0.05 to 1.5 μM 0,2 uM Tap water 2016 [59]
GE CP, −100 μA, 6000 s Glucose CV −0.3 to +0.5 V, 0.1 Vs−1 0.01 to 5 mM 6 µM Beverages 2017 [64]
Bi PE CA, −1 V, 4 min Phenol CA +0.8 V, 150 s 5 to 100 µM 480 nM Wastewater 2010 [38]
PE CV, 20 cycles
−0.6 to 0.3 V		 H2O2 CV −0.3 to −1.3 V 100 µM to 5 mM 57 µM Cosmetic 2011 [39]
SD 1.2 kV, 20 cycles Riboflavin SWV 0 to −0.8 V, Freq: 50 Hz,
Eamp: 0.05 V, Estep: 0.0015 V		 1 to 100 nM 0.7 nM Multivitamin 2015 [67]
Cu GE CP, −225 μA, 60 s Glucose
Fructose
Arabinose
Galactose
Mannose
Xylose		 CA +0.65 V, 100 s 1 μM to 10 mΜ 0.57 μM
0.61 μM
1.0 μM
0.89 μM
1.3 μM
1.04 μM		 Honey and
beverages		 2017 [42]
IM Ink with 50% of
Cu(OH)2 nanorods		 Ascorbic acid CA 0 V, 25 s 0.0125 to 10 mΜ 6 mM Tablets
Urine		 2017 [89]
Ir IM Ink with 0,9:5 of Ir-C
powder (5 % Ir)		 Triglyceride CA +0.15 V, 30 s Up to 10 mM - Serum 2008 [11]
Ni DC 15 μL (10 g L−1)
Activation: A, −1.5 V,
600 s in NaOH 0.1 M		 Glucose
Fructose
Mix 1:1		 AD, FIA +0.7 V, 2 mL min−1 0.05 to 1 mM 0.06 mM
0.04 mM
0.04 mM		 Honey 2012 [24]
HEA-GE CP, 0.1 A, 30 s Glucose CA +0.5 V, 100 s 0.5 μM to 4 mM 0.07 μM Blood 2013 [45]
PE CV, 40 cycles,
0.05 Vs−1, 0 to −1.5 V
Activation: CV, 40 cycles,
0.1 Vs−1, 0 to +0.8 V
in 0.1 M NaOH		 Glucose AD +0.6 V 0.2 to 9 mM 4.1 μM Urine 2013 [46]
GE CP, −25 μA, 60 s
Activation: CV, 50 cycles,
0.1 Vs−1, +0.2 to
+0.7 V in 0.1 M NaOH		 Glucose
Fructose		 CA +0.6 V, 120 s 25 to 1000 μM Between
8 μM and
20 μM		 Food 2016 [47]
Pd PE CV, 10 cycles, 0.05 Vs−1
−0.25 to +1.2 V		 Dopamine DPV −0.1 to +0.6 V 0.35 to 135.35 µM 0.056 µM Injection 2015 [48]
PE CV, 20 cycles, 0.02 Vs−1
+1.2 to −0.25 V		 Hydrazine AD −0.05 V 0.05 to 1415 µM 4 nM Drainage water 2016 [49]
PE CA, −0.6 V, 180 s Dissolved O2 CV 0.5 to −0.3 V, 0.02 V s−1 Up to 250 µM - Ground and
tap water		 2006 [50]
Pt DC 12 μL, RT, 24 h H2O2 AD −0.3 V 1 µM to 10 mM 0.43 µM Contact lens
care solution		 2016 [17]
DC 20 μL, dried at 80 ˚C, 10 min H2O2 AD 0.345 V Up to 0.1 mM 6.6 µM Whitening Strips 2015 [18]
DC 10 μL (2 g L−1),
dried at 40 ˚C, 180 min		 Ethanol LSV −1 to 1 V, 0.05 V s−1 15 to 102 mM 15 mM Beverages 2017 [19]
DC 0.5 µL PtNP-MWCNT
composite, RT		 H2O2 CA +0.3 V, 60 s 10 to 100 µM 10 µM Green tea 2018 [25]
PE CA, −0.5 V, 300 s H2O2 CA −0.7 V, 30 s 500 µM to 20 mM 32.8 µM Serum 2017 [51]
PE CA, −0.4 V, 900 s H2O2 AD +0.7 V 6 to 215 µM 7.6 µM Hair lightener
Antiseptic
Plant extract		 2017 [53]
PE CA, 12.4 V, 12 min H2O2 AD +0.7 V Up to 6.5 mM 80 µM Hair lightener 2018 [56]
Rh DC 15 μL, RT H2O2 AD 0 V 5 to 600 μM 2 μM Tea extracts 2015 [20]
PE CA, −0.25 V, 480 s Bromide CSV
(CA+LSV)		 A: +1.25 V, 20 s
LSV: +1 to −0.25		 Up to 40 mM 39 μM Seawater
Pharmaceuticals		 2019 [57]

AD: Amperometric detection; CA: Chronoamperometry; CP: Chronopotentiommetry; CV: Cyclic Voltammetry; CSV: Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry; DC: Drop-Casting; DPCSV: Differential-Pulse Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry; DPV: Differential Pulse Voltammetry; FIA: Flow Injection Analysis; GE: Galvanostatic electrodeposition; HEA-GE: Hydrogen-Evolution-Assisted Galvanostatic Electrodeposition; IM: Ink-Mixing; LSV: Linear Sweep Voltammetry; OCP: Open Circuit Potential; PE: Potentiostatic electrodeposition; RT: Room Temperature; SD: Spark Discharge; SWV: Square Wave Voltammetry; Tech.: electrochemical technique.