Table 1.

The interaction between the microbiota and polyphenols.

Polyphenols	Related Bacteria	Mechanisms	Effects	References
Curcumin	Enterobacteriaceae group phylum Firmicutes	Antimicrobial action	Increase antioxidant status/ Microbiota pattern modulation	[28]
Hesperetin/ Naringenin	Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Salmonella aureus	Antimicrobial action	Upper part of digestive tract Modulate gut microbiota fingerprint	[36]
Vanillic acid and Gallic acid	Microbial diversity was altered	Changes in the bioavailability of phenolic acids	Induced dysbiosis	[37]
Catechin	Eubacterium sp.	Biotransformed by gut microbiota	Excretion in the feces, Xenobiotic	[38]
Epicatechin	Bacteroides, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes	Decrease serum levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1	Bacterial ratio modulation	[34]
Concord grape polyphenols	Akkermansia muciniphila Firmicutes Bacteroidetes	A lower intestinal expression of inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase) and a gene for glucose absorption (Glut2)	Modify the structure of the gut microbiota	[35]
Epicatechin Catechin	Clostridium coccoides–Eubacterium rectale,Bifidobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli	Formation of 5- (3 ′, 4′-dihydroxyphenyl) -γ-valerolactone, 5-phenyl-γ-valerolactone and phenylpropionic acid	Bacterial ratio modulation	[39]
Cocoa flavanol	Enterococcus spp. C. histolyticum	Changes in C-reactive protein serum concentrations	Bacterial ratio modulation	[40]
Resveratrol	Coriobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae	Decreased serum interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha,	Prevents chronic inflammation, decreased oxidative stress, bacterial ratio modulation	[41]
Stilbenes	Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Akkermansia	Alleviate symptoms of gut inflammation	prebiotic-like effect, modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines	[42,43]
Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acid	Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus	Microbiota pattern modulation	Increase butyrate production	[44,45]