GHD	growth hormone deficiency
rHGH	recombinant human growth hormone
GH	growth hormone
IGF-I	insulin-like growth factor-I
MSCs	mesenchymal stem cells
TGFβ	transforming growth factor β
BMPs	bone morphogenetic protein
FGFs	fibroblast growth factor
RANK-L	receptor activator of nuclear factor κB
IGHD	Isolated GHD
N-ANS	upper face height—linear measurement from nasion to anterior nasal spine
Gn-Cd	total height of the face—gnathion–condylion
Cd-Go	height of the mandibular ramus—condylion–gonion
N-S	anterior cranial base—nasion–sella
ANS-Me	lower facial height—anterior nasal spine–menton
A-Ptm	mandibular length—subspinale–pterygomaxillary fissure
Pog-Go	mandibular body length—pogonion–gonion
SNA	angle between sella, nasion, and subspinale point A
N-Me	total facial height dimensions—nasion–menton
N-ANS	upper anterior facial height—nasion–anterior nasal spine
TS	Turner syndrome
IGF	insulin-like growth factor
IGFBP	IGF binding protein
ALS	acid-labile subunit
HRT	hormone replacement therapy
SHOX	short stature homeobox-containing gene
P561T	P561T heterozygous missense mutation in the growth hormone receptor
d3-GHR	d3-growth hormone receptor, an isoform of GHR that lacks exon 3
LD	linkage disequilibrium