Table 4.

Detection of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) in asymptomatic wild fish species.

Order	Family	Common Name	Latin Name	Geno- type	Detection	Reference	Geographic Range
Anguilliformes	Anguillidae	European eel	Anguilla anguilla	SJNNV	PCR	[138]	Spain
	Congridae	Conger eel	Rhynchocymba nystromi	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
Atheriniformes	Atherinidae	Mediterranean sand smelt	Atherina hepsetus	RGNNV	qPCR a	[58]	Greece
		Ring-tailed cardinalfish	A. aureus	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
Aulopiformes	Synodontidae	Threadfin saury	Saurida filamentosa	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
		Brushtooth lizardfish	S. lessepsianus	RGNNV	PCR	[130]	Mediterranean
		Snakefish	Trachinocephalus myops	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
Bathrachoidiformes	Bathrachoididae	Lusitania toadfish	Halobatrachus didactylus	RGNNV	PCR, CC b	[64]	Spain
Beloniformes	Belonidae	Garpike	Belone belone	RGNNV	PCR, CC	[62]	Italy
	Exocoetidae	Mediterranean flyingfish	Cheilopogon heterurus	RGNNV	PCR	[58]	Greece
Centrarchiformes	Latridae	Striped trumpeter	Latris lineata	RGNNV	PCR	[46]	Australia
	Oplegnathidae	Japanese parrotfish	Oplegnathus fasciatus	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
Clupeiformes	Clupeidae	Pilchard	Sardina pilchardus	RGNNV	PCR, CC	[58,62,65]	Italy. Tunisia
		Round sardinella	Sardinella aurita	RGNNV	PCR	[65,130]	Mediterranean
		Sardine	S. jussieui	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
	Dussumieriidae	Slender rainbow sardine	Dussumieria elopsoides	RGNNV	PCR	[130]	Mediterranean
	Engraulidae	Commerson´s anchovy	Tolephorus commersonnii	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
		European anchovy	Engraulis encrasicolus	RGNNV	PCR	[58]	Greece
Gadiformes	Gadidae	Atlantic cod	Gadus morhua	BFNNV	PCR	[47]	Norway
		Poor cod	Trisopterus minutus	RGNNV	PCR, qPCR	[56,58]	Italy, Greece
		Pollock	Pollachius pollachius	ND	PCR	[47]	Norway
		Saithe	P. virens	ND	PCR	[47]	Norway
		Whiting	Merlangius merlangus	RGNNV	PCR	[62]	Italy
	Merluciidae	European hake	Merlucius merlucius	RGNNV	PCR, CC	[58,62]	Italy, Greece
	Macrouridae	Glasshead grenadier	Hymenocephalus italicus	ND	PCR	[139]	Italy
Heterodontiformes	Heterodontidae	Japanese bullhead shark	Heterodontus japonicus	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
Kurtiformes	Apogonidae	Red stoplight cardinalfish	Apogon erythrinus	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
Mugiliformes	Mugilidae	Flathead grey mullet	Mugil cephalus	RGNNV	PCR, CC	[58,62,66,69]	Japan, Italy, China, Greece
		Golden mullet	Liza auratus	RGNNV	PCR	[65]	Tunisia
		Thicklip grey mullet	Chelon labrosus	RGNNV, SJNNV	PCR	[64]	Spain
Notacanthiformes	Notacanthidae	Shorfin spiny eel	Notacanthus bonaparte	ND	PCR	[139]	Italy
Perciformes	Carangidae	Atlantic horse mackerel	Trachurus thrachurus	RGNNV	PCR, CC	[58,62,65]	Italy, Tunisia
		Japanese jack mackerel	T. japonicus	RGNNV, SJNNV	PCR, CC	[66,67,68,70,71]	Japan, China
		Mediterranean horse mackerel	T. mediterraneus	RGNNV, RG/SJ	PCR, CC	[58,62]	Italy, Greece
		Blue Jack mackerel	T. picturatus	ND	PCR, CC	[128]	Italy
		Bigeye trevalli	Caranx oshimai	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Greater amberjack	Seriola dumerili	RGNNV, SJNNV	PCR	[58,67]	Japan, Greece
		Japanese amberjack	S. quinqueradiata	SJNNV	PCR	[67]	Japan
		Indian threadfish	Alectis indica	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Japanese scad	Decapterus maruadsi	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
		Shrimp scad	Caranx djedaba	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Yellowstripe scad	Selaroides leptolepis	RGNNV	PCR	[68,69]	China
		Whitefin trevally	Carangoides equula	RGNNV, SJNNV	nPCR c	[67]	Japan
	Centrolophidae	Pacific rudderfish	Psenopsis anomala	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
	Centropomatidae	Asian sea bass/ Barramundi	Lates calcarifer	RGNNV	PCR	[48]	India
	Epigonidae	Cardinal fish	Epigonus telescopus	ND	PCR	[139]	Italy
	Gobiidae	Black goby	Gobius niger	RGNNV	PCR, CC	[62]	Italy
	Haemulidae	Trout sweetlips	Plectorhynchus pictus	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
	Kyphosidae	Stripey fish	Microcanthus strigatus	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
	Labridae	Ballan wrasse	Labrus bergylta	BFNNV, RGNNV	PCR	[50]	Sweden
		Corkwing wrasse	Symphodus melops	BFNNV, RGNNV	PCR	[50]	Norway
		Goldsinny wrasse	Ctenolabrus rupestris	BFNNV	PCR	[50]	Norway, Sweden
	Leiognathidae	Pugnose ponyfish	Leigognathus insidiator	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Berber ponyfish	L. berbis	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Slender ponyfish	L. elongatus	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
	Lutjanidae	Dory snapper	Lutjanus fulviflamma	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Humphead snapper	L. sanguineus	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		John’s snapper	L. johni	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Mangrove red snapper	L. argentimaculatus	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Russell’s snapper	L. russelli	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
	Moronidae	European sea bass	Dicentrarchus labrax	ND	qPCR	[128]	Italy
	Mullidae	Red mullet	Mullus barbatus barbatus	RGNNV	PCR, CC	[62,64,130]	Mediterranean
		Surmullet	M. surmuletus	RGNNV	PCR, qPCR	[56,58,130]	Mediterranean
		Japanese goatfish	Upeneus japonicus	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
		Goldband goatfish	U. moluccensis	RGNNV	PCR	[130]	Mediterranean
	Nemipteridae	Japanese threadfin bream	Nemipterus japonicus	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
		Randall’s threadfin bream	N. randalli	RGNNV	PCR	[130]	Mediterranean
	Percophidae	Ray finned fish	Chrionema chlorotaenia	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
	Pomacentridae	Heavenly damselfish	Pomacentrus coelestis	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
	Priacanthidae	Red bigeye	Priacanthus macracanthus	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
	Sciaenidae	Goatee croaker	Umbrina russelli	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Big head penah croaker	Argyrosomus macrocephalus	RGNNV	PCR	[68,69]	China
		Silver croaker	A. argentatus	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Meagre	A. regius	RGNNV, SJNNV	PCR	[140]	Spain
		Brown meagre	Sciaena umbra	RGNNV	PCR, qPCR	[58,141]	Italy, Greece
		Hoki	Johnius belengerii	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
		Shy drum	Umbrina cirrosa	RGNNV	PCR	[43]	Italy
	Scombridae	Atlantic mackerel	Scomber scombrus	ND	PCR	[47,58]	Norway, Greece
		Chub mackerel	S. japonicus	RGNNV, SJNNV	PCR	[67]	Japan
		Atlantic bluefin tuna	Thunnus thynnus	RGNNV	PCR, qPCR	[58,142]	Japan, Greece
	Serranidae	Areolate grouper	Epinephelus. areolatus	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Longfin grouper	E. megachir	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Longspine grouper	E. fario	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Dotted grouper	E. epistictus	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Honeycumb grouper	E. merra	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Kelp grouper	E. moara	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Rock grouper	E. fasciatomaculatus	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
	Siganidae	White-spotted spinefoot	Siganus oramin	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
	Sparidae	Bogue	Boops boops	RGNNV	qPCR	[58,128]	Italy, Greece
		Axillary seabream	Pagellus acarne	RGNNV	PCR, CC	[64]	Spain
		Black seabream	Spondyliosoma cantharus	RGNNV	PCR, CC	[64]	Spain
		Common two-banded seabream	Diploidus vulgaris	RGNNV	PCR, CC	[64]	Spain
		Sharpsnout seabream	D. puntazzo	RGNNV	PCR, qPCR	[58]	Greece
		Annular seabream	D. annularis	ND	qPCR	[198]	Italy
		Red porgy	Pagrus pagrus	RGNNV	PCR, qPCR	[58,143]	Spain, Greece
		Salema	Sarpa salpa	RGNNV	qPCR	[58]	Greece
		Picarel	Spicara smaris	RGNNV	qPCR	[58]	Greece
		Blotched picarel	S. maena	RGNNV	qPCR	[58]	Greece
		Gilthead seabream	Sparus aurata	RGNNV	PCR, qPCR	[58,95]	Italy, Greece
		Striped seabream	Lithognathus mormyrus	RGNNV	PCR	[130]	Mediterranean
	Sphyraenidae	European barracuda	Sphiraena sphiraena	RGNNV	qPCR, CC	[58,128]	Italy, Greece
	Terapontidae	Fourlined terapon	Pelates quadrilineatus	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
		Trumpeter perch	P. quadrilineatus	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
		Jarbua terapon	Terapon jarbua	RGNNV	PCR	[69]	China
	Zanclidae	Moorish idol	Zanclus cornutus	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
Pleuronectiformes	Citharidae	Branched ray flounder	Citharoides macrolepidotus	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
	Pleuronectidae	European plaice	Pleuronectes platessa	ND	PCR	[47]	Norway
		Winter flounder	Pseudopleuronectes americanus	BFNNV	PCR, CC	[61]	Canada
	Citharidae	Branched ray flounder	Citharoides macrolepidotus	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
Siluriformes	Plotosidae	Striped catfish eel	Plotosus lineatus	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
Scorpaeniformes	Scorpaenidae	Luna lionfish	Pterois lunulata	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
		Red scorpionfish	Scorpaena scrofa	RGNNV	qPCR	[58]	Greece
	Sebastidae	Black rockfish	Sebastes inermis	ND	PCR	[66]	Japan
		Schlegel’s black rockfish	S. schlegelii	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
		Marbled rockfish	Sebastiscus marmoratus	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
	Triglidae	Gurnard	Tigla lyra	RGNNV	PCR	[62]	Italy
		Tub gurnard	Chelidonichtys lucerna	RGNNV	PCR, CC	[64]	Spain
	Triglidae	Spiny gurnard	Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei	RGNNV	qPCR	[58]	Greece
Syngnathiformes	Fistuliridae	Red cornetfish	Fistularia villosa	RGNNV	PCR	[68]	China
Trachichthyiformes	Trachichthyidae	Mediterranean slimehead	Hoplostethus mediterraneus	ND	PCR	[139]	Italy
Tetraodontiformes	Diodontidae	Freckled porcupine fish	Diodon holocanthus	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
	Monacanthidae	Threadsail filefish	Stephanolepis cirrhifer	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
		Black scraper	Thamnaconus modestus	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan
	Tetraodontidae	Panther puffer	Takifugu pardalis	RGNNV	PCR	[66]	Japan

^a, real time-PCR; ^b, isolation in cell culture; ^c, nested-PCR.