Figure 3.

(a) Multiplexed MBs-based electrochemical immunoplatform for the detection of adulteration in milk by targeting bovine, ovine, caprine, and total IgGs in milk samples at SPC4Es. (b) Amperometric traces and measured currents (bars) in the analysis of 100 (W1–W3) or 10,000 times (W4) diluted raw sheep milk: unadulterated (1) or adulterated with 1.0% raw bovine milk (2), 1.0% raw caprine milk (3), and 20% ovine colostrum (4). For comparative purposes, amperometric traces recorded in the absence of bovine, ovine, and caprine IgGs (buffered solutions) are displayed as black striped bars. Figure drawn based on [43].