Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics.
| Variables | All | Serum Potassium Level at Hospital Admission (mEq/L) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤2.9 | 3.0–3.4 | 3.5–3.9 | 4.0–4.4 | 4.5–4.9 | 5.0–5.4 | ≥5.5 | p | ||
| N | 73,983 | 700 | 3943 | 17,315 | 29,815 | 16,381 | 4463 | 1366 | |
| Age (year) | 61 ± 18 | 59 ± 18 | 60 ± 19 | 58 ± 19 | 61 ± 18 | 63 ± 17 | 66 ± 16 | 67 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| Male | 38,973 (53) | 273 (39) | 1556 (39) | 7999 (46) | 16,131 (54) | 9522 (58) | 2670 (60) | 822 (60) | <0.001 |
| Caucasian | 68,809 (93) | 642 (92) | 3562 (9) | 15,819 (91) | 27,791 (93) | 15,497 (95) | 4220 (95) | 1278 (94) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 80 ± 26 | 82 ± 34 | 84 ± 28 | 86 ± 26 | 82 ± 25 | 76 ± 25 | 67 ± 27 | 54 ± 27 | <0.001 |
| Principal diagnosis | <0.001 | ||||||||
|
15,716 (21) | 128 (18) | 844 (21) | 3747 (22) | 6291 (21) | 3380 (21) | 1019 (23) | 307 (22) | |
|
1879 (3) | 75 (11) | 137 (3) | 384 (2) | 558 (2) | 459 (3) | 158 (4) | 108 (8) | |
|
6920 (9) | 80 (11) | 537 (14) | 1824 (11) | 2594 (9) | 1335 (8) | 429 (10) | 121 (9) | |
|
11,558 (16) | 59 (8) | 347 (9) | 2000 (12) | 4756 (16) | 3209 (20) | 953 (21) | 234 (17) | |
|
2171 (3) | 51 (7) | 269 (7) | 600 (3) | 705 (2) | 374 (2) | 111 (2) | 61 (4) | |
|
2968 (4) | 25 (4) | 213 (5) | 638 (4) | 1098 (4) | 673 (4) | 222 (5) | 99 (7) | |
|
11,434 (15) | 140 (20) | 699 (18) | 3070 (18) | 4573 (15) | 2248 (14) | 528 (11) | 176 (13) | |
|
21,337 (29) | 142 (20) | 897 (23) | 5052 (29) | 9240 (31) | 4703 (29) | 1043 (23) | 260 (19) | |
| Charlson score | 1.7 ± 2.3 | 1.8 ± 2.5 | 1.7 ± 2.3 | 1.5 ± 2.2 | 1.6 ± 2.2 | 1.9 ± 2.4 | 2.3 ± 2.6 | 2.8 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||||
|
5260 (7) | 38 (5) | 227 (6) | 1009 (6) | 2042 (7) | 1347 (8) | 423 (9) | 174 (13) | <0.001 |
|
4679 (6) | 60 (9) | 275 (7) | 965 (6) | 1665 (6) | 1112 (7) | 421 (9) | 181 (13) | <0.001 |
|
2065 (3) | 20 (3) | 106 (3) | 371 (2) | 736 (2) | 552 (3) | 199 (4) | 81 (6) | <0.001 |
|
5228 (7) | 52 (7) | 315 (8) | 1118 (6) | 1944 (7) | 1247 (8) | 398 (9) | 154 (11) | <0.001 |
|
13,752 (19) | 114 (16) | 669 (17) | 2743 (16) | 5096 (17) | 3414 (21) | 1206 (27) | 510 (37) | <0.001 |
|
6131 (8) | 56 (8) | 326 (8) | 1197 (7) | 2227 (7) | 1518 (9) | 586 (13) | 221 (16) | <0.001 |
|
1713 (3) | 24 (3) | 114 (3) | 408 (2) | 581 (2) | 369 (2) | 150 (3) | 67 (5) | <0.001 |
| Medications | |||||||||
|
20,068 (27) | 162 (23) | 974 (25) | 4067 (23) | 7930 (27) | 4745 (29) | 1627 (36) | 563 (41) | <0.001 |
|
22,020 (30) | 341 (49) | 1659 (42) | 5452 (31) | 7974 (27) | 4508 (28) | 1490 (33) | 596 (44) | <0.001 |
|
8317 (11) | 401 (57) | 1025 (26) | 2246 (13) | 2731 (9) | 1336 (8) | 431 (10) | 147 (11) | <0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 7602 (10) | 113 (16) | 404 (10) | 1295 (7) | 2303 (8) | 1955 (12) | 953 (21) | 579 (42) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 6949 (9) | 131 (19) | 646 (16) | 2008 (12) | 2498 (8) | 1165 (7) | 338 (8) | 163 (12) | <0.001 |
| Electrolyte at admission | |||||||||
|
138 ± 4 | 137 ± 7 | 138 ± 5 | 138 ± 4 | 138 ± 4 | 138 ± 4 | 137 ± 4 | 136 ± 5 | <0.001 |
|
103 ± 5 | 101 ± 11 | 103 ± 6 | 103 ± 5 | 103 ± 4 | 103 ± 4 | 103 ± 5 | 102 ± 6 | <0.001 |
|
25 ± 3 | 25 ± 7 | 25 ± 4 | 25 ± 3 | 25 ± 3 | 25 ± 3 | 25 ± 4 | 24 ± 5 | <0.001 |
Continuous data are presented as mean ± SD; categorical data are presented as count (%); ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PVD, peripheral vascular disease.