Table 1.

Summary of selected reports on the detection of LPS. When available, the LPS source, measurement time, detection limit, and range of detection are shown in the table.

Material	Method	LPS Source	Sensitivity, Time	Range	Reference
LAL assay	various	various	0.005–50.0 EU mL−1 (0.0005–5.00 ng mL−1)		[35]
Recombinant Factor C and fluorogenic peptide substrate	fluorescence	various	0.005 EU mL−1	0.005–50.0 EU mL−1	[38]
Enhanced green fluorescent protein mutant	Fluorescence	E. coli O55:B5	5 ng mL−1		[49]
Limulus amebocyte lysate	Quartz crystal microbalance	Endotoxin standard Spiked in human plasma	0.005 EU mL−1 (0.0005 ng mL−1), 30 min	0.005–10 EU mL−1	[50]
Dye-labeled LPS binding peptide	Fluorescence quenching on graphene oxide	E. coli 0111:B4, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia	130 pM (molar mass of 10 kDa assumed), equivalent to 1.3 ng mL−1, 5 min	0–20 nM, equivalent to 0–20 ng mL−1	[52]
Aptamer modified magnetic beads	Flow cytometry/scanning confocal laser microscopy	E. coli O55:B5	0.01 ng mL−1 Less than 1 min	10−2–10−6 ng mL−1	[54]
Polymer modified gold nanorods	Localized surface plasmon resonance	Salmonella enterica serotype typhimirium, Escherichia coli 0127:B8	Ka~107–1010 M−1 for LPS binding to nanorods, depending on polymer	Not reported	[64]
Cysteamine-modified gold nanoparticles	Localized surface plasmon resonance	E. coli O55:B5	0.33 nM, molar mass determined as 10 kDa, equivalent to 3.3 ng mL−1, 5 min	5–90 nM	[66]
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles/antibodies	Magnetization	Francisella tularensis	0.1 ng mL−1, 20–60 min	0.1–1000 ng mL−1	[74]
Array of silver nanocolumns/polymyxin B peptide	Localized surface plasmon resonance	E. coli O111:B4	0.34 ng mL−1, 1 h		[67]
Magnetic nanoparticle/dye labeled aptamer	Fluorescence quenching		35 ng mL−1, 40 min	50–10,000 ng mL−1	[80]
CdTe quantum dots/Con A	Photoluminescence quenching	S. marcescens (strain ATCC 21639)		10–90 fg mL−1	[85]