Table 2.
Summary of selected reports on the electrochemical detection of LPS. When available, the LPS source, measurement time, detection limit, and range of detection are given in the table.
| Material | Method | LPS Source | Sensitivity, Time | Range | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gold electrode/SAM/aptamer | Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy | E. coli O55:B5 | 0.001 ng mL−1 | 0.001–1.0 ng mL−1 | [53] |
| Gold electrode/polymer/Au nanoparticles/CramoLL lectin | Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy | S. enterica serotype typhimurium (strain ATCC7823), K. pneumonia (strain ATCC15380), S. marcescens (strain ATCC21639) and E. coli (strain ATCC13027) | Not reported; most sensitive to LPS from S. marcescens at 200 μg mL−1, 20 min |
Not reported | [65] |
| Gold electrode/nitrilotriacetic acid terminal SAM/Cu2+ | Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy | E. coli O55:B5 | 0.0001 ng mL−1 | 0.0001–0.1 ng mL−1 | [94] |
| Gold electrode/diaphorase enzyme/ferrocenylboronic acid | Cyclic voltammetry | E. coli O127:B8 | 50 ng mL−1, 10 min |
Not reported | [95] |
| Au electrode/SAM/rhTLR4/MD-2 complex | Differential pulse voltammetry | E. coli O55:B5 | 0.0002 EU mL−1 (2.0 × 10−5 ng mL−1), 30 min |
0.0005–5 EU mL−1 | [96] |
| Au nanoparticle modified electrode/aptamer | Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy | E. coli O55:B5 | 0.05 ng mL−1, 10 min |
0.01–10.24 ng mL−1 | [97] |
| Aptamer modified Au electrode | Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy | E. coli O55:B5 | 15 min | 0.01–1.0 ng mL−1 | [98] |
| Aptamer modified electrode and modified Au nanoparticles | Differential pulse voltammetry | E. coli O55:B5 | 0.033 pg mL−1, 64 min |
0.05–1.0 pg mL−1; 1.0–10 pg mL−1 | [99] |
| Au cluster—aptamer modified electrode | Differential pulse voltammetry | Endotoxin standard | 7.94 × 10−21 M (molar mass not reported) |
0.01 aM–1.0 pM | [100] |
| Fluorinated nanocarbon electrode/poly-ε-lysine | Cyclic voltammetry | Japanese Pharmacopeia reference standard | 0.2 ng mL−1 | 0.02–200 ng mL−1 | [101] |
| Polymyxin B modified SAM on Au electrode | Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy | E. coli O111:B4 | 0.2 ng mL−1 | 0.2–0.8 ng mL−1 | [102] |
| Ce-based metal organic framework with Au nanoparticles and DNAzyme | Differential Pulse voltammetry | Not given | 3.3 fg mL−1 195 min |
10 fg mL−1–100 ng mL−1 | [103] |
| 3D-interdigitated electrode array | Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | E. coli O55:B5 | 2000 ng mL−1, 20 min |
0–50 μg mL−1 | [104] |